Ecosystems Flashcards
Producers
organism at the base of the food chain that does not need to feed on other organisms; also known as an autotroph
Photosynthesis
the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.
Cellular Respiration
the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.
Fat
an organic substance that is solid at room temperature and is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Motabilism
the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells
ATP
Adenosine Phosphate
Aerobic respiration
the chemical breakdown of food using oxygen. The reaction needs enzymes, occurs in all body cells and releases energy.
Cytosol
the fluid found inside cells
Glycolysis
process by which glucose is converted into a simple form, during which energy is released
Krebs cycle
part of the aerobic respiration process in which carbon dioxide and ATP (energy) are produced
Electron transport chain reactions:
part of the aerobic respiration process
Mitochondria
small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.
Anaerobic respiration
the chemical breakdown of food without oxygen. The reaction needs enzymes, occurs in cells and releases less energy than aerobic respiration.
Lactic acid
an end product of anaerobic respiration in animals; also known as lactate
Ethanol
an end product of anaerobic respiration in plants; a form of alcohol
Organism
living thing
Species
group of living organisms capable of int
Species
A group of living organisms capable of interbreeding with each other but not with members of other species
Population
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at a particular time
Community
more than one population living in the same area at a particular time
Ecosystems
communities of organisms that interact with each other and their environment
Ecology/ecologists
the study of ecosystems
Producers (autotroph)
organism at the base of the food chain that does not need to feed on other organisms; also known as an autotroph
Decomposers
organisms that break down organic matter into inorganic materials
Photo synthesis
the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.
Omnivores
animal that eats plants and other animals
Detritivores
animal that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter
Ecological Niche
the position of a species or population in its ecosystem in relation to each other
Competition
the struggle among organisms for food, territory and other factors
Parasitism
an interaction in which one species (the parasite) lives in or on another species (the host) from which it obtains food, shelter and other requirements
Mutualism
relationship between two different organisms in which both benefit
Commensalism
relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unaffected
Interspecific competition
competition between organisms of the same species
Intraspecific competition
competition between organisms of different species
Predator prey relationship
relationship between organisms in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another species (the prey)
Symbiotic relationships
very close relationship between two organisms of different species. It may benefit or harm one of the partners.
Iodine
A liquid that stains starch a blueish black
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is considered to be the energy currency of life. It is used to do almost everything that we do on a daily basis.
How many ATP molecules are made from glucose? Aerobic and anaerobic?
Ask sir,,,, check emails!!!
Define the difference between abiotic and biotic
Biotic= living or dead
Abiotic= Non-living
Give examples of biotic
Frogs, grass, lion, lily pads, worms, bob cat
Give examples of Abiotic
Water, Oxygen, rocks, (excluding coal and limestone), nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dirt, light, lava
Describe the ecosystem chain
Organism -> species/population -> communities -> Ecosystems
Another word for producer
Autotroph
Way to remember: auto=automatic food
Another word for consumer
Heterotroph
Way to remember= hetero = heterosexual= other [eats others] e.g. Plants
Herbivores
an animal that feeds on plants. E.g Like a vegan person
Carnivore
An organism (including plants) that eat mainly or entirely animal tissue and meat. E.g. Meat lovers pizza
What are First order consumers
First Order Consumers are animals that eat plants. They are the first step in the food chain. E.g. Cows, rabbits
(Peasants)
Second order consumer
Second-order Consumer - the organism that eats or derives nutrients from the first-order consumer. E.g. Wolves, hyenas
(Nobles and lords)
Tertiary consumers (third)
The organisms that prey on the second consumers e.g. Lions, Crocodile, whale. They are at the top of the food chain.
(King, emperor)
Explain the order of consumers
Producer / autotroph: a plant that feeds itself via photo synthesis. E.g. Sea algae
1st: herbivores (heterotroph) that feed of the producer. E.g. Clown fish
2nd: carnivores (heterotroph) that feed of the 1st consumer e.g. Shark
3rd: carnivores (heterotroph) that feed of the 2nd consumer e.g whale
Recap: algae> clown fish> shark> whale
Explain a symplified version of order of consumers
Grass> rabbit> snake> eagle
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is one species living inside another one.
Example: Protozoans that live inside termites and help them digest wood.
Ectosymbiosis:
Ectosymbiosis is one species living on the surface of the other species.
Example: Lice that feed on the skin, blood, or oil secretions of the host.
Chemosynthetic organisms
Potatoes ??? They don’t need sunlight and things like carbon to oxidise into methane are their energy ASK SIR!
Bacteria
Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic micro-organisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes.
Funghi
A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes micro-organisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Organism
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
Consumer
A heterotrophic organism that feeds on other organisms in a food chain. Lions, hyenas, giraffe (can be herbivores)
Decomposer
Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition. E.g. Bacteria, funghi, snails, some insects
Chemosynthetic
describes organisms that produce organic material using energy released from chemical reactions rather than light
Food chain
diagram that shows how the energy stored in one organism is passed to another
Food web
diagram showing several food chains joined together to demonstrate that animals eat more than one type of food
Trophies level
A level within a food chain, food web or food pyramid
How much chemical energy is passed on from eating an organism?
About 10 percent
Energy pyramid
a representation of the level of food energy at each level within a food chain
Pyramid of numbers
representation of the population, or numbers of organisms, at each level within a food chain
Pyramid of biomass
representation of the dry mass of organisms at each level within a food chain
Immigration
The number of individuals moving into a new area
Emigration
the number of individuals leaving an area
Exponetial growth
rapid increase in number or size, represented by a J-shaped graph
Sigmoid
The shape of a graph that shows a population increasing in number then reaching a plateau
Equilibrium
a state in which conditions are balanced and there is neither growth nor a decrease in number; also known as steady state or plateau phase
Zero population
the point at which birth and death rates balance each other out
Carrying capacity
the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
Tundra
Extremely cold climate, Low biotic diversity, Simple vegetation structure, Limitation of drainage, Short season of growth and reproduction, Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material, Large population oscillations
Animals in a tundra
Albatross, seal, royal penguin,
Plants in tundra
Shrubland, tussock grassland
Types of hybrid organisms
Wholphin, Liger, mule, cama
Decomposers
Funghi like mushrooms. Feed of dead. Some bacteria
Detrivore
Things that eat animal waste e.g. Dung beetles and poo
Epicormic bud
The seed in which a plant can regrow after a fire
Lignotuber
a rounded woody growth at or below ground level on some shrubs and trees that grow in areas subject to fire or drought, containing a mass of buds and food reserves. It holds the epicormic bud
What are plants made up of
Eukaryotic cells
What is overcropping
When a species is being formed by humans quicker than it can reproduce
