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Geography EOY > Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the climate like in High altitude areas

A

Cold
Thinner air

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2
Q

What is the soil like in high altitude areas

A

Frozen

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3
Q

How does a very cold climate in soil impact plants?

A

Slows growth
Low biodiversity

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4
Q

What are plants like in high altitude areas?
Deciduous/coniferous??

A

Coniferous

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5
Q

Define large-scale ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment on a large scale

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6
Q

State two characteristics about the boreal forest ecosystem

A

Very cold winters
Coniferous trees
Rainfall less than 500 mm per year
50 to 60° north/south
Rising air (low-pressure)

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7
Q

State two characteristics of temperate forest ecosystems

A

Rainfall about 1000 mm per year
Deciduous trees
40 to 60° north/south

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8
Q

Moorland

A

Found in Highland areas
With heavy rainfall
E.g. North Yorkshire

Soils are acid and peaty
Only certain plants can survive e.g. Bracken and Birds such as grouse

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9
Q

Heathland

A

Found in lowlands
Such as the Gower in Wales

Dry, sandy soil
Small shrubs, like gorse
Animals such as hares

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10
Q

Woodland

A

Oak and Ash trees
Broadleaf deciduous trees
Can be plantations of conifers in Upland areas

Mainly trees
Moss grows under trees
Animals deers badgers
tawny owls

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11
Q

Wetland

A

Ponds and streams to rivers
Eg the fens

Peaty fertile soils
Occasionally waterlogged
Lots of reeds and bulrushes
Otters

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12
Q

Marine systems
- value

A

Provides
energy
food
Habitats
attraction - good for economy

New jobs

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13
Q

Marine ecosystems
- degraded

A

Overfishing

Construction- wind turbines - cables
Smothered habitats - sea bed

beeches flooded with sewage

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14
Q

Biotic definition

A

Living organisms in an area
Plants
Animals
(Decomposers)
Humans
Etc

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15
Q

Abiotic definition

A

Physical non living environment of an area
Climate
Soil
Water
Light

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16
Q

Where is the tropical rainforest located

A

Around 0°
Either side of equator
Between 23.5°N (tropic of cancer)
And 23.5°S (tropic of Capricorn)
In:
Central America
Africa
Asia
Austrilasia

17
Q

Where are deciduous woodlands located

A

Between 40°N and 65°N of the equator in:
North America
Europe
Asia

18
Q

Temp and rainfall in d woodland

A

Less steady temp - hottest in summer

Steady rainfall ≈50mm

The high altitude location of the deciduous woodland causes its climate to be seasonal with a large range of temperature. This is because of the earths tilt causing different amount of solar energy throughout the year, making seasons e.g. summer winter.

19
Q

Temp and rainfall in t rainforest

A

Steady high temp ≈ 27°

Less steady rainfall - least in summer

They are located along the equator, which means the suns rays are concentrated so less variation
Some rainforests have dryer seasons due to the Inter tropical conversion zone (ITCZ) moving due to the earths tilt

Band of low-pressure – hot high rainfall

20
Q

Biomass size
Deciduous versus tropical rainforest

A

Deciduous
Warm summers inconsistent Wayne, long hours of daylight in summer most growth occurs in spring and summer

Tropical rainforest
There is a huge biodiversity because it’s both hot and wet all year round

21
Q

Soil size
Deciduous versus tropical rainforest

A

Deciduous
Nutrients flow freely between the stores decomposition occurs in autumn providing nutrients to the soil. Not much meeting occurs with rain is not intense earthworms mix in the nutrients, deep tree roots help break down rocks

Tropical rainforest
The nutrients in the soil it taken up quickly by the large number of plants, or they are washed away, but I have a heavy rainfall

22
Q

Leaf litter size
Deciduous versus tropical rainforest

A

Deciduous
Trees lose their leaves in the autumn, and they are broken down into the winter in wet conditions

Tropical rainforest
The climate (hot and wet) provides an ideal environment for decomposers, which led to rapid rate of decomposition. Heavy rain may wash leaves away

23
Q

Tropical rainforest
Roots
Biodiversity

A

Shallow roots
Quick nutrient cycle
Shallow soil

More biodiversity
Variety
Habitats for species
Four Layers.

24
Q

Layers in TRF

A

Emergents
Main canopy
Under canopy
Shrub later
(Ground level)

25
Q

Layers in d woodland

A

Canopy layer
Sub-canopy layer
Herb layer
(Ground level)

26
Q

Impacts of climate change
On tropical rainforest

A

Trees cut down, means less rainfall means less transpiration from leaves

Climate change means less rainfall means higher temperatures species, go, extinct, food, chains are broken, less biodiversity

Less trees, less carbon storage, less water cycle, no more habitats, impacts tourism, which impacts economy

Causes
Social growing population means more buildings and infrastructure needed
Economic using natural resources to generate income

27
Q

Impacts of climate change on deciduous woodlands

A

No major impact
Fast entry price trees live long can adapt

Storms, unstable, drought means less water forest fires, are more susceptible to disease
Mild winters fruiting in flowering disrupted pests and diseases, not killed by frost

Species will have to move North by 300 km for heat some species under threat, for example, plants, like bluebells, disrupts complex, food, webs of ancient woodlands
Cauzes
Social population growth demand for land and food
Economic - need for timber

28
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Tropical rainforest
Agriculture

A

Cleared for our culture – which soil is that can support lush vegetation
Theresa Feldon burned as nutrients to the soil
After a few years, lots of fertiliser needed to produce high yields, which is less profitable. The first flight is going to be causing, eutrophication their abandoned or left to cattle ranches.

Some flood plane land can be used for growing cash crops, although it’s risky for disease spread

29
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Tropical rainforest
Resource extraction

A

Governments like Brazil sold rights to minerals in the rainforest to raise money to develop the country. However, the indigenous inhabitants were really consulted, causes disagreements because they believe they own the land of the government doesn’t have the right to grant minarets two large companies.

Cleared for large-scale mining operations and access to roads and settlement workers to live

30
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Tropical rainforest
Population pressure

A

Timber is being felt for use as fuel and building materials would increase of deforestation as more resources are needed

31
Q

Deforestation definition

A

The cutting down or removal of all, or almost all of the trees in a forest area

32
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Deciduous woodland
Agricultural change

A

Economic
Higher demand for land to be used for agriculture
Hi, deforestation rate because land needed because there are more people

33
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Deciduous Woodland?
Timber extraction

A

Off the wall there is a short supply, only 5% of the UK forest remained in 1919. This led to the government set up the forestry commissioN

34
Q

Social and economic causes of deforestation
Deciduous woodland
Urbanisation and population growth

A

I demand for resources like food growth in urban areas for people to live caused the removal of more of the native forest

35
Q

Biotic characteristics and adaptations
Canopy trees

A

TRF
Buttress roots, give them stability, nutrient store
Trees in canopy have small leaves to prevent water loss to transpiration

Deciduous woodland
In Spring Grove, lightweight leaves, captures sunlight grow quick exposed surface area for code loses leaves

36
Q

Biotic characteristics and adaptations
Forest floor

A

Tropical rainforest
Plants on Forest floor large leaves, lack of light

Deciduous woodland
Flower, early in the year before trees above can block out light

37
Q

Biotic characteristics and adaptations
Animals

A

Tropical rainforest
Toucans live in canopy, long beaks, which fruit on small branches
Sloth lives in canopy camouflage still in branches can’t be seen
Chameleons camouflage, pray can’t see them

Deciduous woodland
Hedgehogs hibernate code once slow heart rate and breathing survive on body fat
Nightingale migrates to Africa to avoid cold months with little food
Squirrel store feet underground in colder months. Food is still available.

Geography EOY (5 decks)

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