Changing Landscapes And Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

Question

Tectonics definition

Answer 1

As the supercontinent Pangaea split apart over 200 million years, the rocks were stretched and folded Cracks called faults formed in sedimentary limestone at Malham in Yorkshire Creating a scar

Answer 2

At the base of the valleys, weaker rocks were over deep and creating long, thin ribbon lakes As Ice began to melt 15,000 years ago, vast rivers, flowed Rivers, that flow, DeLong, the valley floor look really small in comparison to the usual U-shaped valleys, so they are known as misfit streams Frost shattering leads to scree slopes

Answer 3

Limestone is susceptible to chemical weathering because carbonic acids in rainwater can dissolve it

Answer 4

In south-east England, sedimentary rocks with stretched and folded by tectonic activity Layers of chalk and clay were at angles because they eroded at different rates An escarpment of chalk projects out a scarp and Vale topography was created A scarp slope is a steep sleep formed from the slightly harder chalk at the base of this is a flat valley of soft clay called a vale

Answer 5

Where the, chalk and clay meet water flows over the surface because it is impermeable This is why people settled at the base of the scarp slopes because they had access to water

Answer 6

The breakdown and removal of rocks by waves

Answer 7

The sheer force of water against the coast The waves usually destructive ones enter into cracks or faults in cliffs and compress the air within the crack When did the wave retreats the air in the craic expands quickly causing a minor explosion This process is repeated continuously, causing the rocks to break down and be transported away over time Clips with lots of cracks, e.g. chalk ones are prone to this

Answer 8

The coast is worn down by material carried by the waves Destructive waves through these particles against the cliff face at high velocity, and they act like sandpaper to wear away the rocks

Answer 9

The chemical action of seawater The acid in the salt, water slowly dissolve rocks on the coast, and then waves carry them away Limestone and chalk are particularly prone to this process and the water at the base of the cliffs often look milky It's a very slow process

Answer 10

Pebbles at the bottom of the beach are carried by the way is and the bump into each other breaking down into smaller particles becoming smaller and rounder overtime this process would not leave to a cliff collapse as it is to do with the pebbles on the beach It is a common process during long shore drift

Answer 11

The breakdown of rocks, in situ In one place not carried away

Answer 12

___ \ \ ~~~~~~~~ - high tide \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - sea

Answer 13

Freeze thaw -expands by 10% -Pressure in crack, enlarging crack -Freezes at night -Long time -Causes rocks to weaken and crumble

Answer 14

Carbonation -Limestone rocks are dissolved -Rainwater is weakly acidic -Sea water contain salt -Dissolve rocks on the cliff face, especially limestone and chalk -over long time

Answer 15

Tree roots -Growing in cracks -Weaken rocks -roots grow wider and longer Animals -burrow into the rocks -weaken rocks

Answer 16

Rainwater and seawater infiltrate into clay cliffs Overtime, they become saturated, which means they are heavier Sections of the clay, slow down a slip plane due to gravity This process occurs on clay cliffs, not chalk limestone etc

Answer 17

The downslope movement of rock is due to gravity

Answer 18

When repeated freeze, thaw occurs on a cliff face, composed of harder, rocks, like chalk, the rocks break up into smaller pieces Chunks of the cliff break off suddenly and collapse to the base, creating a scree slope - | \

Answer 19

When repeated freeze, thaw occurs on a cliff composed of harder, rocks, like chalk, the layers called bedding planes in the rock weaken Sections/layers of the cliff break off suddenly and slide down to the base

Answer 20

Grannite basalt Chalk limestone Clay sand Harder, rocks, like granite, or chalk are more resistant to erosion (buy hydraulic action and abrasion) so erode more slowly Softer clay is eroded quickly, e.g. by rotational slumping

Answer 21

Seaward - fast erosion

Answer 22

Discordant different rock types alternating in bands at right angles to the sea, so they erode at different rates Create bays and points (bay soft) Concordant along band of hard Rock parallel to the sea resistant to erosion Hard rock, chalk, limestone, soft rock clay

Answer 23

Light and gentle wind Less than 1 m tall Long length, roughly, 20 m Low-frequency less than 10 a minute Surging spilling breaker type Key wave process swash Gentle beach gradient Outcome, deposition

Answer 24

Strong with a long, fetch wind Two over 1m waves Short length, less than 20 m High frequency, 11 to 15 /minute Plunging breaker type Backwash key process Steep gradient Erosion outcome

Answer 25

Layers, whether or eroded rock to breathe, has been transported and deposited some from dead plants and animals at the bottom of the sea floor to wait causes delays to become compact takes millions of years to form Sandstone is found baggy point, Devon Chalk cliffs in Kent Lowlands

Answer 26

Igneous or sedimentary rocks put under great pressure or heat, not melted, but heated with these conditions. The minerals within the rocks change chemically. Slate in Snowdonia Wales, mica schists in South Devon

Answer 27

Molten rock magma cools Underground intrusive cool slowly for me, rocks with big crystals, such as granite On surface extrusive Basalt columns in Scotland Haytor, Dartmoor granite scenery Uplands

Answer 28

Weather is day today rain temperature, e.g. storm, heatwave Climate is long-term average for a place

Answer 29

When waves bend around the headland In Abbe, the Waze spread out in his energy becoming constructive waves

Answer 30

Occurs on a concordant coastline erode through first layer of hard Rock, erodes, soft rock behind

Answer 31

A storm is formed by the action of sea and weathering The sea erodes a crack with hydraulic action. This is when… This makes the craic bigger for me a cave If it is a headland cable for money, the side, eventually, the back to the case will meet in an arch is formed In time, the arch will collapse for me a stack. This is due to… -undercutting of the sea -abrasion which… Overtime, the 0 to the base of the stack, and it collapses leaving a stump which is covered at high Tide by the sea.

Answer 32

The original landform is a rocky beach, composed of hard Rock, such as chalk in front of the cliff The sea attacks are weakness in the base of the cliff between the high and low tide level. E.g. your fault, joint, etc Overtime, a wave cut notch is created by erosion processes, such as hydraulic action in abrasion, especially if they're destructive waves Not becomes bigger, Cliff becomes unstable collapses gravity, rockfall, mass movement, Cliff retreat inland Rocks a base of a cliff, eroded transported away, leaves a wave cut platform Process repeats platform gets bigger absorbs. A wave energy cliff is protected.

Answer 33

Prevailing wind from Southwest Swash at angle to the beach. Same angle is prevailing wind Backwash drag people down the beach right angles Sediment is transported across the coast Pebbles, get smaller and rounder due to attrition as they go down the coast Why do beach at the end

Answer 34

Dissolved in water

Answer 35

Carried by water, murky look

Answer 36

Rolled on seabed

Answer 37

Hoping/bouncing on sea bed

Answer 38

Feature of deposition Long and narrow Blackeney point Longshore drift until changing shape of coastline, e.g. headland Beyond is sheltered, so waves have less energy cannot transport material any further largest sediment dropped first, so the smallest element can be transported. Further spit grows dynamics, a change over time short-term change in direction of wind, easy storm tip of spit curves, creating hooks behind, spit sand, dunes, and salt marshes grow

Answer 39

Joined up to at the headland trapping lake behind it called a lagoon discordant coastline

Answer 40

Seawall – reduces energy and reflexes back – 65 to 85 cm high and 410 m long curves outwards to deflect force of waves– between Stanley Road in King Street Rock armour – large piles of angular rocks at the back of the beach. Absorb wave energy – 200 m long and 21,000 tons of rock – north of Sandown Castle. Groynes– wooden concrete or rock wall at right angles to beach running from back of the beach down towards the sea – stops, longshore drift – sediment, trapped – larger beach – Dawlish spit

Answer 41

Beach, replenishment – wider beach, absorbs, more wave energy – short term Manage to retreat – allowing cliff erosion, or flooding to take place – strategies, not replaced - land lost to sea homes buildings lost lost

Answer 42

Soft slows down erosion attractive to look at short-term Hard major construction, work, expensive, less tourism, long-term