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Geography EOY > Changing Landscapes And Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

Changing Landscapes And Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Malham located

A

Yorkshire

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2
Q

Plate tectonic movement over 200, million years created a steep slope at Malham This is called a

A

Scar

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3
Q

Basalt is a type of what rock

A

Igneous

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4
Q

Giants Causeway formed by plate movement between which two plates

A

European and North American

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5
Q

What is the Giants Causeway composed of?

A

Assault?

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6
Q

Most igneous rocks are found in

A

Scotland

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7
Q

Which of the following is not a type of igneous rock?

Slate
Granite
Basalt

A

Plate

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8
Q

What type of rock doesn’t contain fossils?

A

Igneous

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9
Q

Which is not a type of sedimentary rock

Limestone
Chalk
Clay
Slate

A

Slate

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10
Q

What causes the layers in sedimentary rocks to fold and crumple?

A

Tectonic activity

( bedding planes )

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11
Q

Where are the fewest metamorphic rocks found?

A

England

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12
Q

What type of rock is used in Wales to make roof tiles?

A

Slate

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13
Q

On upland slopes. The pile of broken rock is formed due to freeze thaw is

A

Scree

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14
Q

What shape a glacially eroded valleys?

A

U

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15
Q

Define a misfit stream

A

Rivers flowing in the bottom of a U-shaped valleys

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16
Q

Which part of the hill do paragliders walk up

A

Dip

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17
Q

Is granite associated with the formation of a spring line settlement

A

No

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18
Q

Is chalk associated with the formation of a spring line settlement

A

Yes

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19
Q

Is clay associated with the formation of a spring line settlement

A

Yes

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20
Q

Igneous rock definition

A

As magma rises to the surface during volcanic activity, it solidifies forming hard, igneous rocks, such as granite or basalt
Rocks formed under the surface are called intrusive rocks formed on the surface are called extrusive
Commonly found in patches in Scotland

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21
Q

Sedimentary rock definition

A

Most common rock type in the UK
Common in southern England
Contains many fossils because they are formed from layers of dead sea creatures and sediment under the Sea rivers or ice, 150 million years ago
Examples of limestone and chalk sandstone

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22
Q

Metamorphic rock definition

A

Formed from sedimentary rocks under extreme heat or pressure
E.g. shale turns into slate
Most are found in Scotland, but found in Wales too

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23
Q

Upland areas

A

Associated with harder older rocks
Less easily eroded like igneous granite

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24
Q

Lowland areas

A

Associated with younger, softer, sedimentary rocks,
easily eroded like sandstone and chalk
Not totally flat, they roll and undulate, partly due to the tectonic forces, the push them up as the plates moved

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25
Q

Tectonics definition

A

As the supercontinent Pangaea split apart over 200 million years, the rocks were stretched and folded
Cracks called faults formed in sedimentary limestone at Malham in Yorkshire
Creating a scar

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26
Q

Uplands
Glaciation, warming climate, post glacial river processes, slope processes
From around 100,000 to 15,000 years ago, most of the UK was covered in glaciers
V shaped valleys with interlocking spurs were a Rose by ice created a much deeper and wider, U-shaped valleys, e.g. in the Lake District

A

At the base of the valleys, weaker rocks were over deep and creating long, thin ribbon lakes
As Ice began to melt 15,000 years ago, vast rivers, flowed
Rivers, that flow, DeLong, the valley floor look really small in comparison to the usual U-shaped valleys, so they are known as misfit streams
Frost shattering leads to scree slopes

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27
Q

Lowlands
WeatherIng

A

Limestone is susceptible to chemical weathering because carbonic acids in rainwater can dissolve it

28
Q

Scarp and Vale topography

A

In south-east England, sedimentary rocks with stretched and folded by tectonic activity
Layers of chalk and clay were at angles because they eroded at different rates
An escarpment of chalk projects out
a scarp and Vale topography was created
A scarp slope is a steep sleep formed from the slightly harder chalk at the base of this is a flat valley of soft clay called a vale

29
Q

Springline settlements

A

Where the, chalk and clay meet water flows over the surface because it is impermeable
This is why people settled at the base of the scarp slopes because they had access to water

30
Q

Erosion definition
(Water)

A

The breakdown and removal of rocks by waves

31
Q

Hydraulic action definition

A

The sheer force of water against the coast
The waves usually destructive ones enter into cracks or faults in cliffs and compress the air within the crack
When did the wave retreats the air in the craic expands quickly causing a minor explosion
This process is repeated continuously, causing the rocks to break down and be transported away over time
Clips with lots of cracks, e.g. chalk ones are prone to this

32
Q

Abrasion/corrasion definition

A

The coast is worn down by material carried by the waves
Destructive waves through these particles against the cliff face at high velocity, and they act like sandpaper to wear away the rocks

33
Q

solution/corrosion definition

A

The chemical action of seawater
The acid in the salt, water slowly dissolve rocks on the coast, and then waves carry them away
Limestone and chalk are particularly prone to this process and the water at the base of the cliffs often look milky
It’s a very slow process

34
Q

Attrition definition

A

Pebbles at the bottom of the beach are carried by the way is and the bump into each other breaking down into smaller particles becoming smaller and rounder overtime
this process would not leave to a cliff collapse as it is to do with the pebbles on the beach
It is a common process during long shore drift

35
Q

Weathering definition

A

The breakdown of rocks, in situ

In one place not carried away

36
Q

Sub aerial processes
(Not a type of weathering where it occurs)

A

___
\
\
~~~~~~~~ - high tide
\
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - sea

37
Q

Physical/mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw
-expands by 10%
-Pressure in crack, enlarging crack
-Freezes at night
-Long time
-Causes rocks to weaken and crumble

38
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Carbonation
-Limestone rocks are dissolved
-Rainwater is weakly acidic
-Sea water contain salt
-Dissolve rocks on the cliff face, especially limestone and chalk
-over long time

39
Q

Biological weathering

A

Tree roots
-Growing in cracks
-Weaken rocks
-roots grow wider and longer

Animals
-burrow into the rocks
-weaken rocks

40
Q

Rotational, slumping definition

A

Rainwater and seawater infiltrate into clay cliffs
Overtime, they become saturated, which means they are heavier
Sections of the clay, slow down a slip plane due to gravity
This process occurs on clay cliffs, not chalk limestone etc

41
Q

Mass movement definition

A

The downslope movement of rock is due to gravity

42
Q

Rock fall definition

A

When repeated freeze, thaw occurs on a cliff face, composed of harder, rocks, like chalk, the rocks break up into smaller pieces
Chunks of the cliff break off suddenly and collapse to the base, creating a scree slope
-
|
\

43
Q

Sliding or rockslide definition

A

When repeated freeze, thaw occurs on a cliff composed of harder, rocks, like chalk, the layers called bedding planes in the rock weaken
Sections/layers of the cliff break off suddenly and slide down to the base

44
Q

Rock types
Most resistant
Medium hard
Less resistant

A

Grannite basalt
Chalk limestone
Clay sand

Harder, rocks, like granite, or chalk are more resistant to erosion (buy hydraulic action and abrasion) so erode more slowly
Softer clay is eroded quickly, e.g. by rotational slumping

45
Q

Rock bedding, plane angle
(the dip)
Landward
Horizontal
Seaward

A

Seaward - fast erosion

46
Q

Concordant/discordant coast

A

Discordant different rock types alternating in bands at right angles to the sea, so they erode at different rates
Create bays and points (bay soft)
Concordant along band of hard Rock parallel to the sea resistant to erosion

Hard rock, chalk, limestone, soft rock clay

47
Q

Characteristics of constructive waves

A

Light and gentle wind
Less than 1 m tall
Long length, roughly, 20 m
Low-frequency less than 10 a minute
Surging spilling breaker type
Key wave process swash
Gentle beach gradient
Outcome, deposition

48
Q

Characteristics of deconstructive waves

A

Strong with a long, fetch wind
Two over 1m waves
Short length, less than 20 m
High frequency, 11 to 15 /minute
Plunging breaker type
Backwash key process
Steep gradient
Erosion outcome

49
Q

Sedimentary rock
Formation

examples

A

Layers, whether or eroded rock to breathe, has been transported and deposited some from dead plants and animals at the bottom of the sea floor to wait causes delays to become compact takes millions of years to form
Sandstone is found baggy point, Devon
Chalk cliffs in Kent
Lowlands

50
Q

Metamorphic rock
formation
examples

A

Igneous or sedimentary rocks put under great pressure or heat, not melted, but heated with these conditions. The minerals within the rocks change chemically.
Slate in Snowdonia Wales, mica schists in South Devon

51
Q

Igneous rock
formation
examples

A

Molten rock magma cools
Underground intrusive cool slowly for me, rocks with big crystals, such as granite
On surface extrusive

Basalt columns in Scotland
Haytor, Dartmoor granite scenery
Uplands

52
Q

Definition of whether versus climate

A

Weather is day today rain temperature, e.g. storm, heatwave

Climate is long-term average for a place

53
Q

Refraction definition

A

When waves bend around the headland

In Abbe, the Waze spread out in his energy becoming constructive waves

54
Q

Cove

A

Occurs on a concordant coastline erode through first layer of hard Rock, erodes, soft rock behind

55
Q

Formation of stump

A

A storm is formed by the action of sea and weathering
The sea erodes a crack with hydraulic action. This is when…
This makes the craic bigger for me a cave
If it is a headland cable for money, the side, eventually, the back to the case will meet in an arch is formed
In time, the arch will collapse for me a stack. This is due to…
-undercutting of the sea
-abrasion which…
Overtime, the 0 to the base of the stack, and it collapses leaving a stump which is covered at high Tide by the sea.

56
Q

Wave cut platform

A

The original landform is a rocky beach, composed of hard Rock, such as chalk in front of the cliff
The sea attacks are weakness in the base of the cliff between the high and low tide level. E.g. your fault, joint, etc
Overtime, a wave cut notch is created by erosion processes, such as hydraulic action in abrasion, especially if they’re destructive waves
Not becomes bigger, Cliff becomes unstable collapses gravity, rockfall, mass movement, Cliff retreat inland
Rocks a base of a cliff, eroded transported away, leaves a wave cut platform
Process repeats platform gets bigger absorbs. A wave energy cliff is protected.

57
Q

Longshore drift

A

Prevailing wind from Southwest
Swash at angle to the beach. Same angle is prevailing wind
Backwash drag people down the beach right angles
Sediment is transported across the coast
Pebbles, get smaller and rounder due to attrition as they go down the coast
Why do beach at the end

58
Q

Solution definition, transportation

A

Dissolved in water

59
Q

Suspension definition, transportation

A

Carried by water, murky look

60
Q

Traction definition transportation

A

Rolled on seabed

61
Q

Saltation definition, transportation

A

Hoping/bouncing on sea bed

62
Q

Spit

A

Feature of deposition
Long and narrow
Blackeney point
Longshore drift until changing shape of coastline, e.g. headland
Beyond is sheltered, so waves have less energy cannot transport material any further largest sediment dropped first, so the smallest element can be transported. Further spit grows dynamics, a change over time short-term change in direction of wind, easy storm tip of spit curves, creating hooks behind, spit sand, dunes, and salt marshes grow

63
Q

If spit crosses eg no river

A

Joined up to at the headland trapping lake behind it called a lagoon discordant coastline

64
Q

Hard engineering examples

A

Seawall – reduces energy and reflexes back – 65 to 85 cm high and 410 m long curves outwards to deflect force of waves– between Stanley Road in King Street
Rock armour – large piles of angular rocks at the back of the beach. Absorb wave energy – 200 m long and 21,000 tons of rock – north of Sandown Castle.
Groynes– wooden concrete or rock wall at right angles to beach running from back of the beach down towards the sea – stops, longshore drift – sediment, trapped – larger beach – Dawlish spit

65
Q

Soft engineering examples

A

Beach, replenishment – wider beach, absorbs, more wave energy – short term
Manage to retreat – allowing cliff erosion, or flooding to take place – strategies, not replaced - land lost to sea homes buildings lost lost

66
Q

Difference between hard and soft engineering

A

Soft slows down erosion attractive to look at short-term
Hard major construction, work, expensive, less tourism, long-term

Geography EOY (5 decks)

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