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Biology 20 (Alberta) > Ecosystem & Population Change > Flashcards

Ecosystem & Population Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Taxonomy

A

Classifying life forms; how living species are distinguished between each other

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2
Q

Define: Domain

A

a new level of classification that categorizes kingdoms into three major domains; it is the highest taxonomic rank.

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3
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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4
Q

Define: Prokaryotic

A

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

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5
Q

Define: Eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus

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6
Q

Characteristics of Archaea

A

Life forms with a distinctive plasma membrane and cell wall chemistry (Prokaryotic)

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7
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A

Unicellular, lack a membrane bound nucleus, reproduce asexually, heterotrophic by absorption, autotrophic by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis (Prokaryotic)

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8
Q

Characteristics of Eukarya

A

Unicellular, membrane bound nucleus, sexual reproduction (Eukaryotic)

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9
Q

What are Archaebacteria?

A

Single-celled organisms that lack nucleus; live in extreme environments (ex. thermal vents, salt lakes, etc.)

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10
Q

What are Eubacteria?

A

Single-celled organisms that lack nucleus; live in a wide variety of environments (ex. cyanobacteria)

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11
Q

What are Animalia?

A

Ingest food, most motile, complex and specialized cells (ex. insects, birds, humans)

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12
Q

What are Plantae?

A

Photosynthesize to make food; most sessile and multicellular; complex and specialized cells (ex. pine trees, grasses)

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13
Q

What are Fungi?

A

Obtain nutrients via decomposition; sessile; multicellular or unicellular (ex. mould)

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14
Q

What are Protista?

A

Small, unicellular or multicellular; heterotrophs (ingest), autotrophs (photosynthesize), or decomposers (ex. Euglena)

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15
Q

What are the different classification levels in the Binomial Nomenclature?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
    (Darla, Keeps, Purple, Condom, Only, For, Good, Sex)
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16
Q

What is a Dichotomous Key?

A

Identification keys that use observable characteristics to identify an organism

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17
Q

What are the abiotic factors of an ecosystem?

A
  • Climate
  • Latitude
  • Elevation
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Moisture
  • Salinity
  • Light availability
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17
Q

What factors affect the distribution of life?

A
  • Climate
  • Latitude
  • Elevation
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Moisture
  • Salinity
  • Light availability
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18
Q

What are the abiotic factors aquatic ecosystems?

A
  • Light availability
  • Depth
  • Stratification
  • Temperature
  • Current
  • Tides
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19
Q

What does an organism’s range refer to?

A

The geographical area where the organism is found

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20
Q

Define: Ecological Niche

A

The role a species plays within the community and the total range of biotic and abiotic requirements for survival

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21
Q

What principle is applied when different species compete to occupy a niche? What does this entail?

A

The Competitive Exclusion Principle: When species compete to occupy a niche, the more qualified species will displace the less qualified.

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22
Q

Define: Habitat

A

A place or area with a particular set of characteristics, both biotic and abiotic.

23
Q

Define: Adaptation

A

When a species gains a beneficial, heritable trait in order to survive and/or reproduce in a specific environment

24
Q

What are the three types of adaptation?

A
  • Physical
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
25
Q

How does biodiversity occur in an ecosystem?

A

A variety of niches and habitats within an ecosystem will lead to biodiversity

26
Q

What factors limit biodiversity and population size?

A
  • Biotic potential
  • Abiotic Limiting Factors
  • Biotic Limiting Factors
  • Competition
  • Predation
  • Parasites
  • Energy Resources
27
Q

Define: Biotic Potential

A

The maximum number of offspring a species can produce under unlimited resources

28
Q

What traits are used to determine biotic potential?

A
  • Birth potential: maximum number of offspring/birth
  • Capacity for survival: number of offspring that reach reproductive maturity
  • Breeding frequency: number of times per year that the species reproduces
  • Length of reproductive life: age of sexual maturity and years of productivity
29
Q

What factors may limit a population from reaching their biotic potential?

A

Abiotic Factors: Light, temperature, chemical environment

Biotic Factors: Food supply, predation magnitude, diseases, ability to compete for resources

Other Factors: Predator-Prey relationships (Wolves/Moose), and parasitism (when one organism (parasite) benefits from the other (host))

30
Q

Define: Intraspecies competition

A

Members of the same species compete for resources

31
Q

Define: Interspecies competition

A

members of different species compete for resources

32
Q

What are exotic and/or introduced species?

A
  • The human introduction of non-naturally occurring species is one of the main causes of species depletion and extinction.
  • No natural predators/disease to keep the exotic species population in check
33
Q

Define: Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported at one time in an ecosystem

34
Q

What is a limit of tolerance

A

When an organism can only survive/tolerate a certain range of an abiotic factor; above/below range = death

35
Q

Define: Density-Independent Factors

A

Affect the population regardless of density, usually abiotic (ex. fires and floods)

36
Q

Define: Density-Dependent Factors

A

Affect population because of density of the population, usually biotic (ex. food supply, water quality, disease)

37
Q

What are the two ways to determine population size?

A
  1. Census - count every individual
  2. Sampling - count small portions and take average
38
Q

What are the pros and cons of census?

A

Pros: Very accurate

Cons: Time consuming, expensive, impractical

39
Q

What are the pros and cons of sampling?

A

Pros: less expensive, less time

Cons: must be random

40
Q

Define: Transect

A

A long, rectangular area by which organisms are sampled (best for large areas and moving organisms)

41
Q

Define: Quadrat

A

Sampling method used for relatively small organisms that usually stay in one area (can be used with photographs)

42
Q

Define: Adaptation

A

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment (ex. hibernation, camouflage)

43
Q

Populations that __________ quickly, result in populations that _________ quickly

A

REPRODUCE, ADAPT

44
Q

Where do variations come from?

A
  1. Genetic mutation
  2. Sexual reproduction
45
Q

Are adaptations learned?

A

No, an individual must be born with it

46
Q

What is a mutation?

A
  • Changes in the genetic material (DNA) of an organisms
  • Can be neutral, harmful or beneficial
  • Tend to improve an organism’s fitness which improves the organism’s ability to successfully reproduce
47
Q

Define: Mutagen

A

Environmental agents that cause changes to DNA (ex. UV radiation)

48
Q

What happens if a mutation is benificial?

A

The organism will likely survive and pass the mutation on

49
Q

What happens if a mutation is harmful?

A

Then the organism will likely die and not be able to pass it on

50
Q

Define: Natural Selection

A

Process by which a population of organisms changes because individuals with certain traits can better survive the local environmental conditions and pass on these traits to their offspring

51
Q

Define: Artificial Selection

A

Process by which a population of organisms changes because individuals are chosen by HUMANS to pass on desirable traits to their offspring

52
Q

What was Lamarck’s Theory?

A
  • Lamarck (1744-1829) believed in the idea of spontaneous generation (new species arise spontaneously from non-living matter)
  • Organisms have a “desire” to change for the better
  • Use and/or disuse of structures is passed on to offspring
53
Q

What are the six types of evidence of evolution?

A
  1. Paleontology (study of fossils)
  2. Biogeography (study of distribution of species)
  3. Anatomy (study of organisms’ physical structures)
  4. Embryology (study of fetal development)
  5. Molecular Biology
  6. Genetics
54
Q

What is the geologic time scale

A

Biology 20 (Alberta) (12 decks)

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