Ecosystem Part 2 (General Principles in Ecology) Flashcards
is a community of different living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.
Ecosystem
It is a collection of all organisms that live in a
particular place together
with their nonliving
environment.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem has two types:
❑ Natural Ecosystem
❑ Artificial Ecosystem
Natural Ecosystem can take in several forms:
❑ Terrestrial Ecosystem – land-based ecosystems
❑ Aquatic Ecosystem – ecosystems in body of water
the living component of an ecosystem.
Biotic Factors
are the non-living component of an ecosystem.
Abiotic Factors
Climatic Factors:
Rain
Light
Wind
Temperature
Edaphic Factors:
Soil
pH
Minerals
Topography
Biotic Components kinds:
Producers (Autotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs) kinds:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary
Is the relative position of an entity in the food chain.
Trophic level
▪It forms the feeding positions in a food web or chain.
Trophic level
All food webs and chains have
at least two or three trophic
levels.
Trophic level
The Autotrophs
Auto (means “________”) + trophḗ (aGreek word, meaning “_____”/“_______”/”_______”).
“self”
“food”
“nourishment”
”nutrition”
Members of this tropic level are capable of producing their own food source.
The Autotrophs
They acts as the food producers in a food chain.
The Autotrophs
Give some examples of autotrophs:
Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Phytoplanktons
Hetero-(means “_______”) + trophe (aGreek word, meaning “________”/“_____”/”____”).
“others”
“food”/“nourishment”/”nutrition”
Organisms’ member of this tropic level depends on the producers for nourishment.
The Heterotrophs
They acts as the consumers in a food chain.
The Heterotrophs
Classification of
heterotrophs based on diets:
❖ Herbivore
❖ Carnivore
❖ Omnivore
❖ Microbivores
❖ Detritivores
Microorganisms, including detritivores, feed on decomposing materials to break down its components into simpler molecules.
The Decomposers: Special Heterotrophs
❑ Shows a series of transfer of energy (food)
❑ Involves the organisms in different trophic levels in transferring energy.
❑ “Who eats what”
❑ Food web: Interconnecting food chains
Food Chain
process of eating and being eaten
Food Chain:
consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.
Food Web
▪Each living thing in an
ecosystem is part of multiple
food chains.
Food Web
is one possiblepath that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem.
Food Web
depicts how energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels.
Ecological Pyramid
❑Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις, symbíōsis, _________, from
σύν, sýn, “together”, and βίωσις, bíōsis, _____) is any type of a closeand long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms.
Symbiotic Relationships
can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently.
Symbiosis
is also classified by physical attachment
Symbiosis
It is biological relationshipor interaction between organisms.
Symbiotic Relationship
Types of symbiosis:
❑ Mutualism
❑ Commensalism
❑ Parasitism
❑ Predation
❑ Competition
Is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species
Mutualism
A Mutualism for protection
Defensive
A mutualism one cannot survive without resorting mutualism to other
Obligate
Defensive:
Acacia plant (provides _____) and acacia ants Pseudomyrmex ferruginea (provides ___)
Food
Defense
Obligate:
The Theory of ______ (dependency)
Endosymbiosis
A mutualism Can live independently but can provide benefits to both
Protocooperation
Protocooperation:
Plants (provide ____) and bees
(helps in _____)
Nutrients
Pollination
A mutualism participants live on the other’s surface
Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis:
Sea anemone (provide _______)
and clown fish (___________) from its waste)
shelter/protection
cleans/provide nutrients
type of symbiosis that one species benefits and the other is not affected
Commensalism
A type of symbiosis that one participant benefits, the
other neither benefits nor
harmed.
Commensalism
Commensalism
Mantay ray (provide ______) to a school of bait fish from aerial _______
Protection
Predators
A type of symbiosis that derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is
harmed in the process
Parasitism
Parasitism
It is the participant being harmed.
Host
Parasitism
the participant that harms
Parasite
Types of Parasitism:
- Obligate
- Parasitism
- Facultative Parasitism
- Ectoparasitism
- Endoparasitism
Types of Parasitism:
life cycle depends on host
Obligate Parasitism
Types of Parasitism:
Organisms can be a free-living but can be parasitic when given the opportunity
Facultative Parasitism
- Facultative Parasitism
Naegleria fowleri is a __________amoeboid, but can infect humans
freshwater
Types of Parasitism:
Parasitic participant lives outside or on hosts’ surface
Ectoparasitism
What paratism?
Head lice on human hair
Ectoparasitism
Types of Parasitism:
Parasitic participant lives within the host.
Endoparasitism
What Paratism Example
A diseases called lymphatic filariasis (or elephantiasis) is caused by filarial roundworms blocking the lymphatic channels. Usually caused by Wuchereria
Endoparasitism bancrofti.
One participant eats (kill) the other.
Predation
Predation
the one who kills
Predator
Predation
the one being killed
Prey
A wolf hunting fish for food
Predation
Predation refers to an interaction
◦Where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
Predation
Feeding adaptations of predators include ◦____, ____, ____, ___, and ____
Claws, Teeth, Fangs, Stingers and Poison
Animals also display
◦A great variety of _____adaptations
Defensive
Predation
Adaptations to prevent/escape predation
- Camouflage
- Warning coloration
- Mimicry
One is harmed when both are trying to use the same resource related to growth, reproduction, or survivability.
Competition
It can occur between organisms of the same species, or between members of different species.
Competition
The existence of one organism or population threatens
or competes with the other for resource and habitat.
Competition
Types of Competition
participants are from the different species
Interspecific
Types of Competition
participants are from the same species
Intraspecific
Competition
______ can lead to competitive exclusion or the _______ of one of the two competing species
Strong competition
local elimination
Competition
Hyenas and Lions compete for
buffalo carcass
Interspecific
Competition
Two male zebras battle for
dominance to lead the herd
Intraspecific
The interaction can be detrimental to both species
Competition (-/-)
The interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other
Predation (+/-)
Parasitism (+/-)
The interaction is beneficial to both species
Mutualism (+/+)
One species benefits from the interaction, and
the other species is unaffected.
Commensalism (+/0)
