Economy under Alexander II and III Flashcards
What was The economy like in the 1860s
.State-run factories
manufacturing essential goods for military
.Domestic craft
based products Carried out by peasants in home for example weaving
Artels-leather and metals for local domestic market
Methods Alexander the second used for industrialisation
Alexander began the process of industrialisation by expanding in new and old areas was done by mostly foreign expertise
for example the British and helping the textile industry John Hughes from Wales demonstrated how to use iron and steel
the noble brothers have the oil industry in the Caucasus region
and in 1866 to 1881 the number of railways quadrupled
Alexander the third in the 1880s -economy
Alexander the third rejected Western ideas but push for industrial and economic growth the problem was there was no entrepreneurial middle-class to lay the groundwork for progressing industry
Sergie witte
It was the scale industry he brought to bear it was the ability to create a climate conducive to to industrial development That gave Russia industry its impetus
What 6s did witte put in place
1)State-sponsored development of heavy industry and railways
2) foreign loans investment and expertise
3)High tariffs on foreign goods
4)Ruble to the gold standard
5)Raise tax
6)Exports of grain

State sponsored development of heavy industry
Real ways to boost market railways booted metallurgical and call industries by 1890s 60% of all iron and steel was consumed by railways he also invested in private industries
More railways means more transportation of goods which are boosted the market
Foreign land investment and expertise
Criticised for relying on foreign expertise
all the time
intrapreneurial businessmen began to emerge
negotiate huge loans and encourage foreign companies engineers and experts to contribute their commercial and technical logical expertise
High tariffs on foreign goods
Protected domestic industries against foreign competition and him and less money flowed out of Russia
Ruble to the gold standard
1897 a provided an added security for Farrah and Busters
Raise tax
Inc indirect tax on items and this increased grain export
Was witte successful
Between 1890 and 1900s9% growth and his great spurt in the 1900s
In 1899 there was an international recession
in 1903 which he was dismissed
he prioritised heavy industry of a light industry and
had to pay off huge foreign debts
the working conditions were bad
he did not pay attention to agriculture commodities for ordinary people went up 
the Japanese war in the 1905 revolution
When was the peasants land bank
In 1883 and was set up to help peasants buy land
What had the Crimean war
Military was insufficient and it revealed inconsistencies in the Regim
And a strong industrial base we needed to supply the military with equipment
Criticisms of witted policies 
1) The interest rates to sell foreign debt was very high and a major drain on resources by 1920% of the budget was used to pay on foreign debt
2) he prioritised heavy industry or a light industry
3)
He neglected agriculture which suffered from underinvestment
4) prioritise industrial environment over the welfare of the population working conditions were poor this created social discontent strikes and general interest
4)
He failed to develop a market in consumer products that would’ve made life more tolerable for ordinary people high tariffs on for agricultural machinery
How fast did industrial production grow
6% until 1914
Was Russia forth largest producer of coal an iron
Yeh
Economy-inconsistencies
The focus on military meant no production for agricultural tools
Why was the pressure on agriculture
Because of a growing population and yields 
Why did agriculture not change during the 1860s and 1880s
Because of Conservative me is it made it harder for enterprising peasants to make arable decisions
Continue using outdated methods such as the strip systems
Change and geographical variations to do with agriculture
Some peasants were taking advantage of the market inland that had opened up as a result of emancipation
Aided by the peasants land bank in 1883
By 1905 27% of land land land have been past the peasantry
By 1913 peasants owned up to 66% of arable land
Why was the central agriculture region that production was the weakest
Amount of land received by each peasants household after emancipation was less than previously found the communes were Conservative and his back with agricultural methods the huge increase in population
Methods and approaches for agriculture
Increasing urbanisation and improved transport also affected areas near large cities and towns such as Odessa
Stolypn agrarian reforms
Stolypn in who became prime minister in 1906 thought that peasants prosperity was key to the political stability and thought his land reforms would transform the country into a stable and prosperous
you identified paralysed personal initiative as the problems he’s reforms carried out from 1906 1911
What was his reforms Stolle pins
H peasants to leave the commune to consolidate the strip farms into a single unit
reduce the power of the Mir redistribute the land of some nobles help go-ahead peasants to buy alarm from less enterprising peasants and create larger and more efficient farms
The Stolypn separators
There are people who separated from the commune go on a 10% left
Social change in 1880 to 1914
The pace of economic changes reflecting on the social upheaval which Russia underwent in the period
I was an important factor a rapid social change
Increase in the population
