Economies

Question 1

Subsistence (Economic) Systems

Answer 1

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of their basic material survival needs.

Question 2

Food collectors

Answer 2

Those who gather, fish, or hunt for food

Question 3

Food producers

Answer 3

Those who depend on domesticated plants and/or animals for food

Question 4

5 modes of production

Answer 4

Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Industrialism

Question 5

Effects of globalization

Answer 5

– Foragers: routinely under attack and being pushed further into ‘inhospitable’ land
- Horticulture: amount of available land to produce food in this manner becomes more strained
-Pastoralism: The animals herded, raised and butchered in this mode of production can be exported out of their original region, and wool from sheep
-Agriculture:Through agriculture food can be grown or raised in surplus, and sent around globally as well as drugs (legal and illegal)
Industrialism: Many cultural aspects are spread, especially through technological means

Question 6

Mode of Consumption

Answer 6

Patterns of using things up or spending resources to satisfy demands in different societies
Minimalism vs. Consumerism
• Wanting what you need vs. wanting as an end in itself
– Personalized vs. Depersonalized Consumption
• Knowing where things come from in contrast to the
consumption of anonymous goods

Question 7

5 types of consumption funds

Answer 7

1) Basic Needs – food, shelter etc
2) Recurrent Costs – repair of tools, animals,
maintenance of shelter
3) Entertainment – for leisure activities
4) Ceremonial – for social events and rituals
5) Rent and tax – payments to landowners and
governments

Question 8

Modes of exchange

Answer 8

Distribution of material goods in ways that are in accordance with a culture’s basic values, institutions, and assumptions: Reciprocity, Redistribution, Market Exchange

Question 9

Foraging

Answer 9

• Based on using food provided by nature: Gathering, fishing, hunting
• Maintains balance between resources and lifestyle
• Relies upon large areas of land and spatial mobility
• Most contemporary foragers live in what are considered marginal areas such as deserts, tropical rainforests, circumpolar region
• Temperate-region – minimal gender-based division
• Circumpolar-region – large gender-based division

Question 10

Small Scale Foraging

Answer 10

Involves hunting animals and gathering seeds,

roots, berries, leafy greens, etc.

Question 11

Complex Foraging

Answer 11

Comprised of more advanced ways of foraging involving the domestication of animals and advanced technology

Question 12

Horticulture

Answer 12

• Depends on the domestication of plants and animals

• The cultivation of domesticated crops in gardens using hand tools
• Increases likelihood of sedentary settlement
• Extensive strategy - population density is still low
• Children work more in horticultural groups than any other type of economy
• Gender roles very clearly defined

Question 13

Pastoralism

Answer 13

• Based on the domestication of animal herds and the
use of their products
-Groups move to where there is pasture- continual
need for fresh land - cultural value of mobility
-Little overlap between male and female tasks

Question 14

Agriculture

Answer 14

• Intensive strategy of food production
– More labour, use of fertilizers, control of water supply, use of animals
-Allows for permanent settlements and higher population density
• Increased occupational specialization

Question 15

Main Types of Agriculture

Answer 15

• Family-farming: large families, clear gender roles, land rights, class distinctions
• Plantation: concentrated ownership, hired labor, inequality, poor social welfare
• Industrial: capital-intensive, machines vs. humans, more energy, decline of family farm

Question 16

Industrialism

Answer 16

• The production of goods through mass employment in commercial and manufacturing operations
• Goods produced satisfy consumer demand

Question 17

Entitlement Bundles

Answer 17

Socially defined rights to life-sustaining resources

• Direct: most secure, owning land, foraging societies
• Indirect: least secure, welfare cheques, industrial societies

Question 18

3 Levels of Entitlement

Answer 18

1) Global: Some countries are more secure in global economy than other countries
2) National:Those with direct entitlements may be more secure than those with only indirect entitlements
3) Household: Some members are more secure

Question 19

Reciprocity

Answer 19

1) Generalized: Those who exchange do so without expecting an immediate return – expect that it will eventually become balanced
2) Balanced: Those who exchange expect a return of equal value within a specified time limit
3) Negative: An exchange of good or services in which at
least one party attempts to get something for nothing without suffering any penalties

Question 20

Redistribution

Answer 20

A mode of exchange in which a centralized social organization receives contributions from all members of the group and redistributes them in a way that provides for every member

Question 21

Market Exchange

Answer 21

A mode of exchange in which the exchange of goods (trade) is calculated in terms of a multi-purose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)