Culture & Identity

Question 1

Modes of Reproduction

Answer 1

Foraging, Agricultural, Industrial

Question 2

The Demographic Transition

Answer 2

Refers to a long term historical trend in fertility and mortality
Agricultural societies – high fertility and high mortality.
Industrial societies – low fertility and low mortality.

Question 3

Reproduction in Foraging Societies

Answer 3

• Moderate death and birth rates.
• Value of children: moderate.
• Indirect/Direct means of fertility control

Question 4

Reproduction in Agricultural Societies

Answer 4

• Very high number of children.
• Increased reliance on direct means of birth control
• Increasing specialization: midwives, herbalists

Question 5

Reproduction in Industrial Societies

Answer 5

• Negative population growth.
• Invest more resources in fewer children.
• Birth control more often a personal option rather than a social expectation.
• Management highly specialized

Question 6

Value of Children

Answer 6

– Children’s labour value
– Children’s value as old-age support for parents
– Infant and child mortality rates
– Economic costs of children

Question 7

Fertility Control

Answer 7

– Direct methods, (e.g. plant and animal substances).

– Indirect methods, (e.g. long periods of breastfeeding)

Question 8

Fertility Control: Foragers

Answer 8

• Have a low fat diet.
• Increase physical work.
• Breastfeed (which increases the chances of lactational amenorrhea).
• Use induced abortion/infanticide if previous methods do not work

Question 9

Fertility Control: Agriculture

Answer 9

Women will use pro-natal techniques and herbs

Question 10

Fertility Control: Industrial

Answer 10

Women use hormonal and chemical types of birth control.

Question 11

Socialization

Answer 11

The process by which human beings learn to become
members of a group, both by interacting appropriately
with others and by coping with the behavioural rules
established by the group

Question 12

Enculturation

Answer 12

The process by which human beings living with one
another must learn to come to terms with the ways of
thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in
their respective cultures

Question 13

Subjectivity

Answer 13

An individual’s awareness of his or her own agency and

position as a subject

Question 14

Gender roles

Answer 14

Sets of behaviours that are commonly perceived as

masculine or feminine within a specific culture

Question 15

Sexuality

Answer 15

An individual’s sense of his or her own sexual orientation and preferences

Question 16

Sex

Answer 16

The biological distinction between male and female
based on morphological sex (the appearance of
external genitalia and observable secondary sex
characteristics), gonadal sex (ovaries in females; testes
in males), and chromosomal sex (♀ XX chromosomes;
♂ XY chromosomes).

Question 17

Gender

Answer 17

The cultural constructions of beliefs and behaviours

considered appropriate for each sex.