ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION Flashcards
What are free goods?
Free goods are readily available and in sufficient quantity to satisfy all words there or not that money free codes. For example, air, ocean water and sand.
Distinguish between economic goods and free goods
ECONOMIC GOODS :-
1) created by man
2) they command the price
3) have utility and exchange value
4) production has an opportunity cost. Example car, piped water, electricity,etc.
FREE GOODS :-
1) created by nature
2) no price
3) have utility, but have no exchange rate
4) production has no opportunity cost example seawater, rainwater, air, etc.
What is an economic organisation
Economic organisation consist of the ordering an organisation of human relations and human effort in order to produce as many of the necessities of day to day life as possible with the expenditure of minimum effort.
It is the attempt to secure the maximum satisfaction possible through adopting a limited means to unlimited ends in an organised manner .
What are the features of tribal economy? With examples
1) Tribal markets- weekly basis/festive basis. Example - Deva tribe practice is barter system every year in January.
2) forest, Best small economy - within a limited geographical area. Example - Kadare of Kerala and juangs of Orissa.
3) mode of production - (division of labour) occupations are chosen on the basis of age and sex, instead of professional training and specialisations.
4) simple technology - use of local tools. Example - bill and Munda tribe.
5) no surplus - economic surplus is rare, absence of profit
6) community - kinship is a cooperative unit of production and consumption. Example - ho and Santhal tribes.
7) reciprocal exchange - Barter or gift exchange. Example - gond tribes.
8) periodical markets
9) slower innovation - it makes economic structure, stable, but and progressive.
What are the economies of Indian tribes
1) food gathering
2) agriculture
3) shifting AXE cultivation
4) handicrafts
5) industrial labour
6) pastoralism.
Explain food gathering
1) large number of tribes live in isolation in forest and depend upon hunting, fishing and food gathering. Some of the tribes depend exclusively on these occupations.
2) food gathering tribes include the birhor, chenchu, Kharia, Kurumb, Malapantaram, Paliyan, Paniyan and yanadi .
3) The kadar continues to be a food gathering tribes and even shifting cultivation is rare. They collect fruits, edible roots, honey from the forest, and combine the same with fruits of hunting. All hunters and fishermen are considered food gatherers.
4) The tribes of this type constitute a small population which is about 1000.
5) They have a simple life and social organisation and a settlement generally consist of 5 to 15 huts.
6) the family work as a product of unit and the villagers work as an economic unit at times
7) describe the switching over from Forest, standing as a primary source of livelihood to agriculture.
Explain shifting axe cultivation
1) V. Elwin first used the term.
2) a piece of forest land is cleared by slash and burn technique and crops are grown after 2 to 3 attempts, the fertility of the soil is reduced. Hence, the farmers shifts to another piece of land.
3) this is the reason that it is called shifting agriculture..
4) It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
5) The Nagar, call it, JHUM
6) The Maria of Bus star called Penda
7) The Kond and call it podu
8) the Banga call it bewar
9) The Bhumihar call it Dahi (if all trees are cut down) and Koran ( If bushes and shrubs are placed around the trees, and then burnt)
10) in efforts to counter at the decreasing and of land humans me either exploit virgin lands or engage in soil conservation through Mannering, which represents an advanced scientific level of cultivation.
11) The choice of proper menus is not easy since it depends on the soil is chemical composition, the types of crops, etc.
12) fertilisers are parallel of mechanised agriculture
13) thus they employe the method of shifting axe cultivation.
What are the disadvantages of shifting axe cultivation
1) Tribes have mythological justification for this
2) The bhaiga report that God told there ancestor, Nanga Banga, not to plough the land, as Hindus and gond did, doing so would have meant tearing the bosom of Mother earth.
3) Manu laid down an command against Brahmins, engaging in cultivation in the view of the fact that many under earth dwellings- JIVAS- die in the process. The criticism is that:-
i) it is in efficient and economical and wasteful
ii) It has cost, deforestation and consequentially erosion and floods.
iii) valuable timber is lost.
Explain handicrafts
1) many subsidiary occupations like handicrafts undertaken, various tribal zones. These include:
i) basket, making spinning and weaving
ii) Agaria and Korwa: iron-smelt, and produce tools for local use only, since their techniques are very unpolished
iii) Ghasi: make gut from the fibrous tissues of animals
iv) Gond, kind, Saora: cow-hers, metal work, weave, cone-work, and make pots.
v) Madrasi Irula: make bamboo mats and baskets, ploughshares, and wheels for local use only.
vi) Maria Gond: distil spirits from forest produce
vii) Tharp: farm and manufacture furniture, household utensils, baskets, musical instruments, weapons, ropes and mats
Explain industrial labour
Industrial labour reforms to the participation of tribal communities in various sectors:-
1) Period to transform agrarian society to the industrial one
2) modernisation process with a little technical innovation
3) Driver situation has become vulnerable as they are easily exploited
4) alienation from their own families as they have to migrate
5) contract based jobs
6) compromise with traditional livelihood measures
7) hazardous effects on the forest.
- The Gond, kind, and santhal have migrated to Assam in large numbers, taking up various jobs in tea plantations
- Bangal, Bihar and Madhva Pravesh have been found to be rich in natural ores - coal, iron and steel.
- other industries too have sprung up in these areas
- they migrate to the nearby Rourkela city as turnover and seasonal migrants when they fail to get work.
- working his contract, labour of steel plant or as informed, sector workers, domestic maids etc.
CONCLUSION:-
Very few travel, a lights have benefited from industrialisation, majority of Driver economics or at the receiving end of industrial blow to the local ecology and economy .
Explain pastoralism
1) from the latin pastoralist meaning relating to the Shepherd. It is an economy categorised by the reasoning of cattle..
2) Bangalore. Lizum is a form of animal husbandry historically by nomadic people who moved with their herds.
3) herding livestock includes cattle, camels, goats, yaks, reindeer ,horse and sheep.
4) operating in this more extreme environments with more marginal land mean that pastoral communities are at risk to global warming
5) pastoral communities of different levels of mobility
6) sedentary pastoralism is becoming more common at the hardening of political borders, expansion of crop agriculture and building of fences, reduce the ability to move.
7) mobile pastoralism includes moving, hurts distances in search of fresh, pastureand water
8) animals are moved seasonally where pastoral list and family’s movie the animals year round
9) in sedentary pastoralism or pastoral farming, pastoralist grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock
10) grazing in Woodlands and forest may be referred to as silvo pastoralism
Explain agriculture
1) agriculture-centre’s tribes include Assamese tribes, Bhil, Gond, ho, kharawar, korwa, Madhwaraj, Munda, Orion, and santhal.
2) A 1951 consensus showed that out of a population of +19 million, +17 million are dependent on agriculture. Men and women are nearly equal participants in agricultural pursuits. However, economic life is nowhere near static, but in fact highly dynamic.
3) The most primitive of tribal agriculturalists are not very different from food gatherers.
4) The kamar, Reddi, and Bahia have never been able to reach beyond the level of Neolithic economy.
5) The Kamar live on the inefficient and wasteful shifting-axe cultivation, hunting, fishing, honey collecting, basket making, and petty trade
6) This backwardness is common to most Indian tribes.
7) ‘Benvar’ system does not require the land to be ploughed.
8) This system is rooted in the belief that ploughing hurt Mother Earth.
9) So not to mention a tractor, even ploughing by bullocks is avoided .
10) This in turn helps women farmers to be very self-reliant in benvar system. Generally ploughing is one aspect of farming that has been monopolised by male farmers.
11) however, in benvar system which does not involve ploughing, women farmers do not have to depend on men.
12) Single women households are also quite self-reliant in terms of taking up benvar farming.
13) This system helps Baiga tribal farmers to cope up with many adverse situations .
14) There were some disturbances but then traditional seeds could be collected. Finally, this system could resume in many villages.
Define agrarian economy
According to WALLACE AND WALLACE - ‘Agrarian Economis’ must employ animal drawn ploughs to cultivate the land.
Meaning of agrarian economy
An ‘Agrarian Economy’ refers to any form of economy, especially so traditional economies, primarily based on agricultural and craft production rather than industrial production - COLLINS
What is the agrarian economy
1) Around 3000 B.C., the invention of the plough led to the beginning of the agrarian economy.
2) They first arose in ancient Egypt, and were based on ploughing and harnessing animal power.
3) Hunter-gatherer economies produce none of their food.
4) Horticultural economies produce food in small gardens rather than big fields.
5) An ‘Agrarian Economy’ focuses its mode of production primarily on agriculture and the cultivation of large fields.
