Economic Activity Geography Flashcards
What is energy security?
When a country has reliable, affordable and uninterrupted supply of energy to meet its needs
What is the clark-fisher model?
Shows how employment sectors change as a country becomes more developed
What are the dominant sectors for the LICS, MICS, HICS?
LICs = primary
MICS = secondary
HICS = tertiary and quaternary
What factors affect the location of primary sector industries?
Avaliability of natural resources
Climate and terrain
Proximity to water
What factors affect the location of secondary sector industries?
Access to raw materials, labour and transport links
Energy supply and industrial zones
What factors affect the location of tertiary sector industries?
Access to customers
High disposable income
What factors affect the location of quaternary sector industries?
High educated population
Universities, research centres
Strong tech support
What are the reasons for changes in sector employment?
Low avaliability or price of raw materials
Globalisation - Cheaper labour abroad
Mechanisation
Government policies and investment
What is Malthus’ theory?
Malthus stated that populations expand until they outgrow the carrying capacity causing population decline and famine
What sector has declined the most in the UK in recent decades?
The secondary sector (manufacturing) due to deindustrialisation and globalisation.
What sector has grown the most in the UK?
The tertiary and quaternary sectors – services like finance, and research/tech jobs.
What are some positive impacts of sector shift in the UK?
Growth of high-paying service jobs.
Safer working conditions.
Less pollution from heavy industry.
What are some negative impacts of sector shift in the UK?
Job losses in traditional industries (e.g. steel, coal).
Unemployment in northern areas.
Widening north-south economic divide.
What sector has rapidly grown in China since 1980s?
The secondary sector (manufacturing) due to industrialisation and exports.
Positive impacts of sector shift in China?
Rapid economic growth.
Millions lifted out of poverty.
Infrastructure improvement.
Negative impacts of sector shift in China?
Air and water pollution.
Poor working conditions.
Loss of farmland and rural communities.
What is informal employment?
Jobs that are unofficial, untaxed, and not protected by the government.
Main causes of informal employment in Mumbai?
Rapid rural-urban migration (people moving to the city for work).
Lack of formal job opportunities.
Low education levels.
Characteristics of informal jobs in Mumbai?
Street vending, rag picking, domestic work.
No contracts, sick pay, or job security.
Often low pay and long hours.
Advantages of informal work (for workers)?
Easy to start without qualifications.
Quick income.
Flexible working hours.
Disadvantages of informal work (for workers)?
No legal protection or workers’ rights.
Unsafe and unhygienic conditions.
No guarantee of income or stability.
How does informal employment affect Mumbai as a city?
Creates pressure on housing and services.
Leads to the growth of slums.
Boosts economy but hard to regulate.
