economic activity and energy Flashcards
four economic sectors and summary of them
primary - extract raw materials (e.g. farming, fishing)
secondary - manufacturing (e.g. factories, processing)
tertiary - services (retail, banking)
quaternary - knowledge (research, AI, robotics)
stages of clarke-fisher model with growth/decline fo sectors
Pre-industrial - primary starts top, declines, secondary and tertiary start to increase
Industrial - secondary peaks, primary goes lower than others, tertiary rises above other two
Post-industrial - tertiary on top, then secondary, then primary, introduction of quaternary
why does the primary sector decrease
danger of mining, mechanisation of labour, ageing population, exhausted resources, little money in it, government policies and education
why does the secondary sector increase
factory work requires few skills, women + children can earn money through it (poor labour laws allow child employment), population increases, a demand for raw materials needs workers to process it
why does the secondary sector decrease
mechanisation thanks to improved technology and efficiency, globalisation leads to monopolisation of manufacturing certain products, exhausted resources,
government policies for better working conditions, education
why does the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase
development of health and education services, increased disposable income helps retail, people move to tertiary after being replaced by machines, faster global communication, new industries (e.g tech) means lots of future advancements to be made
why did the secondary industry decline in detroit
The manufacturing of cars declined due to ‘The Great Migration’ which was a mass movement of African Americans from the south. Very segregated, few houses for them. Lead to ‘White Flight’ - racist white ppl leaving. Competition from Japan. Plants shifting to cheaper land
Positive impacts of Detroit sector shift
Social - chance for regeneration (e.g transport, vacant housing etc), hosted Superbowl to attract investment
Economic - boost of small businesses, corporations putting money to kickstart regeneration
Environmental - less pollution (e.g. oil pollution), Detroit future city plan for more sustainable future
Negative social impacts of detroit sector shift
- increased crime rate
- poor schooling system and brain drain
- 36% population before poverty line
- segregation
- too much infrastructure and doesn’t work properly
negative economic impacts of detroit sector shift
- city had to file for bankruptcy ($18bill in long term debt)
- increase labour cost
- little industry diversity left
- highest unemployment rate in US (23%)
negative environmental impacts of detroit sector shift
- about 90,000 abandoned buildings
- lots of unattractive brownfield sites
- high levels of contamination - medical issues
what caused china’s sector shift
economic reforms, ‘Open door policy’ to attract global companies, cheap labour, low production costs, infrastructure development, rapid urbanisation lead to a growing middle class (workforce), advances in technology
economic impacts of china sector shift
- rapid economic growth - second largest GDP
- global economic influence
- income inequality, rural vs urban
- decline in manufacturing recently
social impacts of china sector shift
- increased demand for skilled workforce lead to more investment into education
- mass rural to urban migration, rural vs urban divide (wealth and education disparity)
- increased consumption (‘western-style’ lifestyle and goods)
environmental impacts of china sector shift
- investments in renewables
- degradation of air and water quality
- e-waste from tech
- largest emitter of greenhouse gases
- urbanization lead to land damage and loss of biodiversity
carrying capacity defintion
max population that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given the resources available
Explain Malthus’ theory and possible evidence
Eventually population will exceed carrying capacity, and lead to ‘malthusian catastrophe’, a sudden decrease of population due to famine, war, poverty or disease. (pessimistic view)
Evidence: more people with wealthy lifestyles - harder for environment to sustain, climate crisis
Explain Boserup’s theory and possible evidence
‘Necessity is the mother of invention’ - as population increases, new advancements will be made to increase capacity, so we will always be able to support population. (optimistic view)
Evidence: GM crops and the green revolution (GM wheat saved millions of indian lives)
factors affecting energy consumption
- population growth
- wealth and economic sector
- government policies
- energy technology
- social attitudes
(read summary sheet i made for hw)
general disadvantages of non-renewables
- polluting (CO2 or SO2)
- can be hazardous
- water contamination
- monopolization of them
general advantages of renewables
- reliable
- generally easy to transport (except coal)
- creates jobs
- easy to produce
- efficient
advantages of nuclear
- small carbon footprint
- creates jobs
- low operating costs
- generally safe reliable
disadvantages of nuclear
- public concerns on safety
- concerns from atomic bomb
- can be a weapon
- expensive and time consuming
- produces water vapour
- no good solution for disposing radioactive waste
general advantages of renewables
