Econ/Epi Exam 1

Question 1

the study of the use of and effect of drugs in large numbers of people

Answer 1

pharmacoepidemiology

Question 2

pharmEPI applies the methods of ___ to the content area of ___

Answer 2

methods of epidemiology in content area of clinical pharmacology

Question 3

when is the application of pharmEPI used

Answer 3

after marketing, primarily post-marketing drug surveillance/phase 4

Question 4

the study of effects of drugs

Answer 4

pharmacology

Question 5

the study of the effects of drugs in humans

Answer 5

clinical pharmacology

Question 6

the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations

Answer 6

epidemiology

Question 7

legislation in response to excessive adulteration and misbranding of food and drug at the time

Answer 7

pure food and drug act

Question 8

legislation passed that required preclinical toxicity testing and required manufacturers to gather clinical data about a drug

Answer 8

food drug and cosmetic act

Question 9

1st textbook and registry for AEs of drugs

Answer 9

AMA council of pharmacy and chemistry

Question 10

type of study that is a report of an event in a single patient

Answer 10

case report

Question 11

type of study that is a collection of patients all of whom have either a single exposure or single outcome

Answer 11

case series

Question 12

type of study that examines trends in an exposure that is presumed cause and trends in a disease that is a presumed effect and test whether the trends coincide

Answer 12

analyses of secular trends (ecological studies)

Question 13

type of study that compares cases (with outcomes) to controls (with outcomes) to look for differences in antecedent exposure

Answer 13

case control studies

Question 14

type of study that identifies a cohort of subjects and follows them over time to determine an outcome

Answer 14

cohort study

Question 15

type of study where participants are randomly assigned between exposure and control groups; artificial

Answer 15

randomized control trial

Question 16

type of study where the investigator tests the effectiveness of an intervention under “real world” conditions

Answer 16

pragmatic clinical trials

Question 17

ratio based on incident data or an event occurring

Answer 17

relative risk; risk ration

Question 18

ratio used based on prevalent data

Answer 18

odds ration

Question 19

study result where exposure and effect are independent

Answer 19

no association

Question 20

study results that are chance (unsystematic) or bias (systematic)

Answer 20

artificial association

Question 21

study results that are confounded

Answer 21

indirect association

Question 22

study results that are direct or true

Answer 22

causal association

Question 23

type of error that is tested for and fixed statistically

Answer 23

random

Question 24

type of error that is avoided with good study design; may be information or selection

Answer 24

bias

Question 25

type of error that is adjusted for when recognized; a variable related to both the exposure and outcome, not on the path from exposure to outcome

Answer 25

confounding

Question 26

rigorous evaluation of the impact of different options that are available for treating a given medical condition for a particular set of patients

Answer 26

comparative effectiveness research

Question 27

investigates whether a drug has the ability to bring about the intended effect

Answer 27

drug efficacy

Question 28

investigates whether in the real world a drug in fact achieves its desired effect

Answer 28

drug effectiveness

Question 29

3 main sources of data for pharmEPI studies

Answer 29

US HMO/health plans US government claims databases in-hospital databases

Question 30

what is the evidence paradox?

Answer 30

RCTs do not give enough evidence to effectively inform clinical decisions

Question 31

trials designed to improve practice and policy, often occurring in settings where everyday care happens in combination with collaborating providers, organizations, and patients

Answer 31

pragmatic clinical trials

Question 32

benefits of pragmatic trials

Answer 32

practical for everyday inclusive for diverse populations engaged with many parties relevant for providers/policies/etc.

Question 33

when comparing medicare advantage vs fee for service, which was favored? why?

Answer 33

mediADV- improved health outcomes and care efficiency when physicians assume financial risk for the total cost of care

Question 34

return on investment =

Answer 34

(cost avoidance - investment) / investment

Question 35

description and analysis of the costs and consequences of pharmaceuticals and pharm services and its effects on individuals, healthcare systems, and society

Answer 35

pharmacoeconomics

Question 36

ECHO model focuses on which 3 outcomes

Answer 36

economic clinical humanistic

Question 37

outcomes focused on direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives

Answer 37

economic outcomes

Question 38

outcomes that focus on medical events that occur as a result of disease or treatment

Answer 38

clinical outcomes

Question 39

outcomes that focus on the consequences of disease or treatment on patient functional status or QoL measured along several dimensions

Answer 39

humanistic outcomes

Question 40

the resources consumed by a program or treatment alternative

Answer 40

cost

Question 41

costs incurred for medical products and services used for the prevention, detection, and treatment of a disease

Answer 41

direct medical costs

Question 42

costs for transportation, food, family care, or home aides

Answer 42

direct nonmedical costs

Question 43

costs for lost wages (morbidity) or income forgone because of premature death (mortality)

Answer 43

indirect costs

Question 44

costs of pain, grief, and other nonfinancial outcomes of disease and medical care

Answer 44

intangible costs

Question 45

additional costs incurred to obtain an additional unit of benefit from an alternative strategy

Answer 45

incremental cost

Question 46

money spent on one resource that cannot be spent for other purposes

Answer 46

opportunity cost

Question 47

what are the 4 main perspectives for a pharmECO analysis

Answer 47

patient provider payer society

Question 48

perspective; ultimate consumer of healthcare services

Answer 48

patients

Question 49

perspective; healthcare professional or care organization

Answer 49

provider

Question 50

perspective; insurers, government, or employers

Answer 50

payer

Question 51

perspective; costs include patient morbidity and mortality costs and the overall costs of giving and receiving medical care

Answer 51

society

Question 52

pharmECO eval method identifies all direct and indirect costs of a disease/illness within a healthcare system

Answer 52

cost of illness

Question 53

pharmECO eval method compares the costs of two or more treatment alt that have a demonstrated equivalence in therapeutic outcomes to determine the least costly alternative

Answer 53

cost minimization analysis

Question 54

pharmECO eval method compares the costs and benefits of treatment alternatives programs in monetary terms

Answer 54

cost-benefit analysis

Question 55

results of cost benefit analysis are expressed as

Answer 55

cost to benefit ratio or as net cost or benefit

Question 56

pharmECO eval method compares competing treatment alternatives or programs that DIFFER in therapeutic outcome where cost is measured in monetary terms and consequences in units of effectiveness or natural units

Answer 56

cost-effectiveness analysis

Question 57

2 ways results are expressed in a cost-effectiveness analysis

Answer 57

average cost effectiveness ratio (ACER) incremental cost of one over the other (ICER)

Question 58

in cost-effectiveness analysis represents total cost of program/treatment alt divided by its clinical outcome to yield a ratio $ cost per specific clinical outcome gained

Answer 58

ACER

Question 59

in cost-effectiveness analysis can be used to determine additional cost of effectiveness gained

Answer 59

ICER

Question 60

pharmECO eval method compares treatment alternatives or programs where costs are measured in monetary terms and outcomes is expressed in terms of patient preferences or QoL $ per QALY gained compares programs in terms or patient preference/quality of healthcare

Answer 60

cost-utility analysis