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acadeca 24-25 > econ + ecology > Flashcards

econ + ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the climate commons?

A

shared atmospheric environment of the globe?

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2
Q

What are externalities?

A

a market failure because they are irregularities in the rule of market based behavior, happen very often
- context of climate: results of changing conditions have characteristics of externalities

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3
Q

What are one way externalities?

A

when one party affects another, industrial emissions affecting air quality

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4
Q

what are reciprocal externalities?

A

when two parties affect each other
- beekeeper and orchard

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5
Q

What are public goods?

A

they’re non-rival (not competing to get it) and non-excludable (can’t exclude others from using it)
- ex: the atmosphere and clean air

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6
Q

what are public bads?

A

non-excludable harms (global warming), everyone is affected

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7
Q

what is the free-rider problem?

A

nations aren’t contributing to climate change proportionally
- US emitting a lot more CO2, especially given its lack of climate action

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8
Q

what is the principal-agent problem?

A

raises questions about appropriate level or scale at which public goods are most cost-efficiently given
- if GHG emissions global in scale, then individual countries are going to find it hard to find solutions without some form of agreement

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9
Q

what is the tragedy of the commons?

A

no restraint and resources or overused and depleted
- assumes there’s noe establishment of norms and expectations

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10
Q

why is the tragedy of the commons important to climate change?

A

global climate is a common good

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11
Q

What is the time value of money?

A

shows how present choices can outweigh concern for our future
- shows what type of world we will leave behind for future generations

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12
Q

what is the discount rate reflected on?

A

the trade-off between spending money today vs saving it for future use

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13
Q

what is time preference

A

another term for discount rate

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14
Q

what is the ethical issue behind obligation to future generations?

A

do we have an obligation to consider future generation welfare when they aren’t born yet?

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15
Q

what are some economic damages?

A

lower agricultural activities, increased death rate, really bad stuff

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16
Q

What is the estimated social cost of carbon (SCC)?

A

the estimated cost of additional carbon emission and the benefit of taking action
- effects of acting or not acting

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17
Q

Based on a GDP per capita estimate, countries in _________ face the greatest climate challenges.

A

poverty

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18
Q

What are the three main regions most vulnerable to the effects of climate change?

A
  1. Latin America
  2. Africa
  3. South Asia
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19
Q

Based on latitude, what region is most at risk?

A

closest to the equator

20
Q

based on location, what regions are most at risk?

A

within 100 km of bodies of wwater

21
Q

based on household income, who is most at risk from climate change?

A

agricultural producers and food producers

22
Q

What are the six cities that are most vulnerable to climate change, according to Time magazine?

A
  1. haiti
  2. yemen
  3. united arab emirates…
23
Q

How have the prices of renewable energy dropped?

A

SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINED: the projected annual cost for solar was 2.6% actual was 15%

24
Q

How many gigatons of CO2 would decreased costs in renewable energy remove from the atm?

A

3 gigatons of CO2 per year

25
Q

How much money did the 2022 IRA invest toward climate action?

A

$350 Billion dollars

26
Q

what proportion of americans do not believe climate change is happening?

A

1 out of 10

27
Q

what proportion of americans believe climate change is happening?

A

3 out of 4

28
Q

What does a “no regrets” policy advocate for?

A

acting now to lower GHGs improving health and reducing environmental harm even if worst case scenarios don’t occur

29
Q

What is beta-delta discounting?

A

using multiple discount rates to mitigate climate change

30
Q

What was another “year without summer”?

A

1815 Mount Tambora eruption caused “year without summer” in 1816

31
Q

When did International climate talks begin?

A

1972 with the Stockholm Summit, leading to the UN Environment Program

32
Q

When was the First WOrld Climate Conference?

A

1979 in Geneva

33
Q

What year was the IPCC formed?

A

1988

34
Q

What year was the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change?

A

1992

35
Q

What is the public goods problem?

A

people say they’re going to do things but don’t do them!

36
Q

What made the Kyoto Protocol faulty?

A

lacked enforcement

37
Q

Why was the Paris Agreement faulty?

A

strategic overstatements persist

38
Q

What year did Trump withdraw from the Paris Agreement?

A

2017

39
Q

What year did Biden’s administration rejoin the Paris Agreement?

A

2021

40
Q

What is a carbon tax?

A

politically unpopular, challenges include setting

41
Q

A single governing entity for climate policy is unlikely because?

A

opposition from countries and enforcement challenges

42
Q

What was the Montreal Protocol?

A

successfully addressed ozone-depleting gases

43
Q

What is CARB?

A

California Air Resources Board: mainly about smog

44
Q

What is the EU’s WFD?

A

Water framework detective, integrated waste management

45
Q

What is a GEO?

A

Global environment organization

46
Q

What are the benefits of a GEO?

A

creates a club for climate action, encouraging collective contributions and reducing free riding
- draws on historical precedents of international cooperation to manage global challenges

acadeca 24-25 (6 decks)

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