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Ecology > Ecology Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Ecology Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a population?

A

All the individuals of one species who are living close enough together to interact with one another

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2
Q

What is a population characterized by? (2 main, 4 minor_

A

2 Main: #of individuals & Density

- Age distribution, growth rates, distribution, abundance

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3
Q

Physical environment____ geographic distribution of species

A

limits

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4
Q

What do you suppose is the major factor in the distribution of Kangaroos?

A

climate

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5
Q

What are 4 other factors that also limit Kangaroo distribution other than climate?

A
  • Food production
  • Water supply
  • Habitat
  • Incidence of parasites, pathogens, and competitors
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6
Q

In lower latitudes, tiger beetles probably live at__ elevations

A

High

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7
Q

Encelia species distribution corresponds to___&___

A

temperature and precipitation

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8
Q 
Chthamalus stellatus (barnacles) are restricted to\_\_\_ 
why?
A

They are restricted to upper levels of inter-tidal zone because Chthamalus adults are excluded from lower levels of inter-tidal zone by competition

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9
Q

Balanus balanoides (barnacles) are limited to____ why?

A

They are limited to mid & low levels of inter-tidal zones because they are vulnerable to desiccation, excluded from upper inter-tidal zone

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10
Q

What are the 3 distributions of individuals discussed?

A

Random, regular, clumped

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11
Q

Describe random distribution of individuals?

A

Equal chance of being anywhere

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12
Q

Describe what causes random distribution of individuals and the processes of the individuals?

A
  • Uniform distribution of resources

- Processes: Neutral interactions between individuals. Neutral interactions between individuals and local environment

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13
Q

Describe regular distribution of individuals?

A

Uniformly spaced

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14
Q

Describe what causes regular distribution of individuals & processes?

A

-Exclusive use of area
-Individuals avoid one another
Processes: Antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources

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15
Q

Describe clumped distribution of individuals

A
  • unequal chance of being anywhere

- Individuals live in areas of high local abundance, which are separated by areas of low abundance

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16
Q

Describe what leads to clumped distribution of individuals and processes

A

-mutual attraction between individuals
-Patchy resource distribution
Processes: Attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource

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17
Q

Which is not a major distribution pattern for individuals in a population?

A

-Scattered

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18
Q

Aggressive bee colonies should be—-

A

Uniform

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19
Q

Non-aggressive bee colonies should be—

A

Random and/or clumped

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20
Q

Why are young shrubs clumped? (3 reasons)

A
  1. Seed germinate at safe sites
  2. Seeds not dispersed from parent areas
  3. Asexual reproduction
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21
Q

What were the reasons why shrub plants distribution changes over time as stated by Phillips and Macmahon?

A
  • As plants grow, some individuals in clumps die, reducing the clumping
  • Competition among remaining plants -> higher mortality
  • Eventually -> regular distributions
22
Q

Describe large scale distributions of bird populations across N.A.

A
  • bird populations - clumped distributions in Christmas Bird counts
  • Clumped patterns in species with wide spread distributions
23
Q

How does animal body size relate to population density?

A

Smaller animals have denser populations

24
Q

Plant population density ___ with ____ in plant size

A

Plant population density DECREASES with INCREASE in plant size

25
Q

Describe population density trends of trees?

A
  • Tree seedlings can live at very high densities

- As trees grow, density declines until mature trees are at low densities

26
Q

Rabinowits “commonness” classification is based on what 3 factors?

A
  • Geographic range of species
  • Habitat tolerance
  • Local population size
27
Q

For a species least threatened by extinction geographic rang is__

A

extensive

28
Q

For a species least threatened by extinction, the habitat tolerance is __

A

broad

29
Q

For a species least threatened by extinction, local populations are ___

A

often large

30
Q

Describe an organism classified as Rarity 1

A

-Extensive Range
-Broad habitat tolerance
-Small local populations
Ex: Peregrine Falcon

31
Q

Describe an organism classified as Rarity 2

A

-Extensive Range
-Large populations
-Narrow habitat tolerances
Ex: Passenger pigeon

32
Q

Describe an organisms classified as Rarity 3

A

-Restricted range
-Narrow habitat tolerance
-Small populations
Ex: California Condor

33
Q

What is dispersal?

A

The permanent movement of an individual

34
Q

What is Holling?

A
  • Numerical response to increased prey availability
  • Increased prey density -> increased predator density
  • Movement of predators
35
Q

Imagine aquat insect larvae, live larval damselflies and dragonflies, what direction do you think they tend to move?

A

-Downstream

36
Q

What are 3 adaptions for maintaining position of stream dwellers?

A
  • Streamlined
  • Bottom-dwelling
  • Adhesion to surface
37
Q

Describe the upstream & downstream movement involved in the colonization cycle?

A

Drift moves organisms downstream, sometimes actively as behavioral drift, sometimes passively with floods
-Many organisms engage in upstream movements that appear to compensate for downstream drift

38
Q

What do patterns of survival tell us?

A

-when individuals usually die

39
Q

What are the 3 methods of estimating patterns of survival

A
  1. Cohort life table
  2. Static life table
  3. Age distirbution
40
Q

Explain the assumption made by Dall sheep skulls?

A

Assumption: Proportion of skulls in each age class represented typically proportion of individuals dying at that age

41
Q

What method does the Dall sheep skull describe?

A

Static life table

42
Q

Age distributions are useful in:

A

-predicting the likelihood of future population growth
understanding the impact of past events
-understanding reproductive patterns

43
Q

Age distribution of a population___

A

reflects history of survival and reproduction, plus growth potential

44
Q

____birth rates by age class

A

Fecundity schedule

45
Q

When generations do not overlap, leads to ___

A

geometric growth

46
Q

What is a good example of an organism whose populations show continuous growth, with overlap between generations?

A

Elephants

47
Q

Continuous population growth in an unlimited environment can be modeled___

A

exponentially

48
Q

What probably caused the slow growth rates of collared doves?

A
  • not enough food for continued growth

- not enough nesting sites

49
Q

Logistic population growth, resources depleted ->

A

population growth slows and stops

50
Q

Logistic population growth curve is___

A

Sigmoid S-shaped

51
Q

What is K on a graph of population growth?

A

Carrying capacity

-Finite resources -> finite # individuals

Ecology (5 decks)

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