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Ecology > Ecology Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Ecology Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a population?

A

All the individuals of one species who are living close enough together to interact with one another

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2
Q

What is a population characterized by? (2 main, 4 minor_

A

2 Main: #of individuals & Density

- Age distribution, growth rates, distribution, abundance

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3
Q

Physical environment____ geographic distribution of species

A

limits

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4
Q

What do you suppose is the major factor in the distribution of Kangaroos?

A

climate

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5
Q

What are 4 other factors that also limit Kangaroo distribution other than climate?

A
  • Food production
  • Water supply
  • Habitat
  • Incidence of parasites, pathogens, and competitors
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6
Q

In lower latitudes, tiger beetles probably live at__ elevations

A

High

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7
Q

Encelia species distribution corresponds to___&___

A

temperature and precipitation

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8
Q 
Chthamalus stellatus (barnacles) are restricted to\_\_\_ 
why?
A

They are restricted to upper levels of inter-tidal zone because Chthamalus adults are excluded from lower levels of inter-tidal zone by competition

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9
Q

Balanus balanoides (barnacles) are limited to____ why?

A

They are limited to mid & low levels of inter-tidal zones because they are vulnerable to desiccation, excluded from upper inter-tidal zone

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10
Q

What are the 3 distributions of individuals discussed?

A

Random, regular, clumped

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11
Q

Describe random distribution of individuals?

A

Equal chance of being anywhere

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12
Q

Describe what causes random distribution of individuals and the processes of the individuals?

A
  • Uniform distribution of resources

- Processes: Neutral interactions between individuals. Neutral interactions between individuals and local environment

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13
Q

Describe regular distribution of individuals?

A

Uniformly spaced

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14
Q

Describe what causes regular distribution of individuals & processes?

A

-Exclusive use of area
-Individuals avoid one another
Processes: Antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources

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15
Q

Describe clumped distribution of individuals

A
  • unequal chance of being anywhere

- Individuals live in areas of high local abundance, which are separated by areas of low abundance

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16
Q

Describe what leads to clumped distribution of individuals and processes

A

-mutual attraction between individuals
-Patchy resource distribution
Processes: Attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource

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17
Q

Which is not a major distribution pattern for individuals in a population?

A

-Scattered

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18
Q

Aggressive bee colonies should be—-

A

Uniform

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19
Q

Non-aggressive bee colonies should be—

A

Random and/or clumped

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20
Q

Why are young shrubs clumped? (3 reasons)

A
  1. Seed germinate at safe sites
  2. Seeds not dispersed from parent areas
  3. Asexual reproduction
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21
Q

What were the reasons why shrub plants distribution changes over time as stated by Phillips and Macmahon?

A
  • As plants grow, some individuals in clumps die, reducing the clumping
  • Competition among remaining plants -> higher mortality
  • Eventually -> regular distributions
22
Q

Describe large scale distributions of bird populations across N.A.

A
  • bird populations - clumped distributions in Christmas Bird counts
  • Clumped patterns in species with wide spread distributions
23
Q

How does animal body size relate to population density?

A

Smaller animals have denser populations

24
Q

Plant population density ___ with ____ in plant size

A

Plant population density DECREASES with INCREASE in plant size

25
Describe population density trends of trees?
- Tree seedlings can live at very high densities | - As trees grow, density declines until mature trees are at low densities
26
Rabinowits "commonness" classification is based on what 3 factors?
- Geographic range of species - Habitat tolerance - Local population size
27
For a species least threatened by extinction geographic rang is__
extensive
28
For a species least threatened by extinction, the habitat tolerance is __
broad
29
For a species least threatened by extinction, local populations are ___
often large
30
Describe an organism classified as Rarity 1
-Extensive Range -Broad habitat tolerance -Small local populations Ex: Peregrine Falcon
31
Describe an organism classified as Rarity 2
-Extensive Range -Large populations -Narrow habitat tolerances Ex: Passenger pigeon
32
Describe an organisms classified as Rarity 3
-Restricted range -Narrow habitat tolerance -Small populations Ex: California Condor
33
What is dispersal?
The permanent movement of an individual
34
What is Holling?
- Numerical response to increased prey availability - Increased prey density -> increased predator density - Movement of predators
35
Imagine aquat insect larvae, live larval damselflies and dragonflies, what direction do you think they tend to move?
-Downstream
36
What are 3 adaptions for maintaining position of stream dwellers?
- Streamlined - Bottom-dwelling - Adhesion to surface
37
Describe the upstream & downstream movement involved in the colonization cycle?
Drift moves organisms downstream, sometimes actively as behavioral drift, sometimes passively with floods -Many organisms engage in upstream movements that appear to compensate for downstream drift
38
What do patterns of survival tell us?
-when individuals usually die
39
What are the 3 methods of estimating patterns of survival
1. Cohort life table 2. Static life table 3. Age distirbution
40
Explain the assumption made by Dall sheep skulls?
Assumption: Proportion of skulls in each age class represented typically proportion of individuals dying at that age
41
What method does the Dall sheep skull describe?
Static life table
42
Age distributions are useful in:
-predicting the likelihood of future population growth understanding the impact of past events -understanding reproductive patterns
43
Age distribution of a population___
reflects history of survival and reproduction, plus growth potential
44
____birth rates by age class
Fecundity schedule
45
When generations do not overlap, leads to ___
geometric growth
46
What is a good example of an organism whose populations show continuous growth, with overlap between generations?
Elephants
47
Continuous population growth in an unlimited environment can be modeled___
exponentially
48
What probably caused the slow growth rates of collared doves?
- not enough food for continued growth | - not enough nesting sites
49
Logistic population growth, resources depleted ->
population growth slows and stops
50
Logistic population growth curve is___
Sigmoid S-shaped
51
What is K on a graph of population growth?
Carrying capacity | -Finite resources -> finite # individuals

Ecology (5 decks)

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