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Ecology > Ecology Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Ecology Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biologist who came up with idea of evolution separately from Darwin?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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2
Q

What are the tenets of Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A
  • Organisms give rise to like organisms
  • Variation between individuals
  • Some traits heritable
  • More offspring produced each generation than can survive
  • Some individuals because of physical behavioral traits, have higher chance of surviving that others in population
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3
Q

Natural selection acts on___

A

individuals

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4
Q

Traits which give a fitness advantage in a given environment are called __

A

adaptations

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5
Q

Natural selection results in an __ in adaptive traits and ___ in maladaptive traits

A

Increase, decrease

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6
Q

Who came up with the ‘idea’ of particles of inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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7
Q

Phenotypic variation among individuals in a population is a result of the combined effects of ___

A

genes and environment

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8
Q

What is a “common garden” experiment?

A

Bring plants from different places together to grow them in the same environmental conditions

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9
Q

In the common garden experiment if there was no genetic differences among the populations we would expect_

A

All plants to grow equally well in all gardens

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10
Q

What does Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium state?

A

In a population, mating at random and absence of other evolutionary forces will cause allele frequencies to remain constant from generation to generation

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11
Q

What are 4 outcomes of inbreeding?

A
  • Reduced fecundity
  • depressed juvenile survival
  • shortened life-span
  • small body size
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12
Q

Te result of natural selection is__

A

predictable

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13
Q

Genetic drift results in _____changes

A

unpredictable

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14
Q

What are all 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • Random Mating
  • No mutations
  • Large population size
  • no emigration/immigration
  • equitable fitness between all genotypes
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15
Q

______impedes changes in a population, acts AGAINST extreme phenotype, favors average phenotype

A

Stabilizing selection

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16
Q

_______ leads to changes in phenotypes, favors EXTREME phenotype over other phenotypes in the population

A

Directional Selection

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17
Q

Under directional selection most phenotypes have___________ compared to exceptional phenotypes

A

Lower reproduction and survival

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18
Q

_______creates bimodial distributions, favors two (or more) extreme phenotypes, disfavors average

A

Disruptive selection

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19
Q

Natural selection -> changes in _____in a population can result in adaptation to the environment

A

genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

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20
Q

____can randomly change gene frequencies, especially in small populations

A

Genetic drift

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21
Q

There is a ____ between population size and genetic diversity

A

Positive correlation

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22
Q

Describe Island populations genetic variation

A

Genetic variation usually low and leads to less variation for natural selection to act on. BUT any new mutation is in relative high frequency in population and has greater likelihood of being maintained if beneficial or not.

23
Q

Inbreeding leads to____in small populations

A

Higher extinction rates

24
Q

Large scale weather variation

A

Macroclimate

25
Q

Small scale weather variation (often measured over shorter period of time)

  • elevation
  • aspect
  • vegetation
A

Microclimate

26
Q

Describe specific heat capacity of water

A
  • absorbs heat without changing temperature

- 1 calorie of energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1 C

27
Q

Describe latent heat of evaporation

A

1 calorie can cool 580 grams of water (580 mL)

28
Q

Describe latent heat of fusion

A

1 gram of water gives off 80 calories as it freezes

29
Q

Aquatic environments generally show ____ than do terrestrial environments

A

less temperature variation

30
Q

____ is physiological changes in response to temperature (non-evolutionary , as it is over an organisms life span)

A

Acclimation

31
Q

___ are extreme cold loving marine bacteria especially around Antarctica

A

Psychrophilic

32
Q

Term for individual becoming more tolerant of its environment over lifetime

A

Acclimation

33
Q

Vibrio bacteria are an example of ____

A

psychrophilic bacteria

34
Q

Microbes loving extreme hot temperature are _

A

thermophilic

35
Q

What is an example of thermophilic bacteria

A

Thermus aquaticus

36
Q

What biome would you find thermophiles in ?

A

Desert

37
Q

Organisms whose body temperature varies directly with environment?

A

Poikilotherms

38
Q

Organisms whose body temperature is constant, regardless of environmental temperature?

A

Homeotherms

39
Q

Organisms that rely on external energy sources for heat

A

Ectotherms

40
Q

Organisms who rely on metabolic energy for heat

A

Endotherms

41
Q

How do desert plants regulate their temperature?

A
  • decrease heating via conduction (Hcd)
  • Increase convection cooling (Hcv)
  • Reduce radiative heating (Hr)
42
Q

How do desert plant leaves help in maintaining temperature?

A

Desert plants reduce radiative heating (Hr) by orienting their leaves parallel to sunlight

43
Q

How do arctic and alpine plants regulate temperature?

A

To stay warm they:

  • Increase radiative heating (Hr)
  • Decrease convective cooling
44
Q

How do Rosette plants maintain temperature?

A

-retain dead leaves for insulation and protection from freezing temperatures. Thick pubescence increases leaves temperature

45
Q

How do some grasshoppers regulate temperature as ectothermic animals?

A

Adjust temperature by varying intensity of pigmentation during development

46
Q

___ is the range of environmental temperatures over which metabolic rate of homeothermic animal does not change

A

Thermal neutral zone

47
Q

In what region of the world would you expect animals to have BROAD tolerances ?

A

Taiga

48
Q

In which region of the world would you expect the most NARROW tolerances?

A

Tropical forests

49
Q

Explain how sharks and other fish use swimming muscles to maintain temperature?

A

-lateral swimming muscles well supplied with blood vessels, they use counter current heat exchange. As warm arterial blood is pumped away from heart, heat is transferred to venous blood and warmed as it returns to heart

50
Q

How do sphinx moths maintain temperature ?

A

They increase thoracic temperature through flight, thermoregulative transferring of heat from thoracic to abdomen

51
Q

Almost all plants are considered____

A

poikilothermic ectotherms

52
Q

How does skunk cabbage regulate its temperature?

A

-Stores starch in roots -> translocates it to inflorescence-> metabolizes it-> generates heat

53
Q

What are two ways to survive extreme temperatures?

A
  • Inactivity (STAY INSIDE)

- Reduce metabolic rate (hibernation, estivation)

54
Q

How do hummingbirds reduce metabolic rate when food is scarce or night temps are extreme?

A

They enter state of torpor when food is scarce or night temperatures are extreme

  • hibernation during the winter (cold)
  • estivation during the summer (dry)

Ecology (5 decks)

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