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Biology 1108 > Ecology Part 2 > Flashcards

Ecology Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+), both species benefit

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2
Q

Trophic Mutualism

A

utilize a common resource; leaf cutting ants and fungus

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3
Q

Defense Mutualism

A

animal defends a plant or herbivore

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4
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

can live a part; mites can survive without ants but do better with ants and vice verse; not dependent on each other

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5
Q

Obligatory Mutualism

A

cannot live without the other; the organisms are dependent on each other, if you remove one the other dies

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6
Q

Competition

A

(-/-), neither species benefits from competition

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7
Q

Intraspecific

A

same species

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8
Q

Interspecific

A

different species

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9
Q

Exploitation Competition

A

or indirect competition; organisms compete indirectly for a limited source; like a race, two organisms are not directly/physically doing something to the other

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10
Q

Interference Competition

A

or direct competition; individuals interact directly with one another by force or intimidation

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11
Q

What are the foundational concepts of competition?

A

competitive exclusion principle, niche partitioning, and character displacement

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12
Q

What are the two types of niche?

A

fundamental niche and realized niche

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13
Q

Niche

A

everything required for an organism to live

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14
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

place where it can live

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15
Q

Realized Niche

A

place where it does live

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16
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

two species can not coexist in the same niche indefinitely; either one will go extinct or populations will adapt to slightly different niches

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17
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

differentiation of niches, both in space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community

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18
Q

Character Displacement

A

tendency for 2 species to diverge in morphology and resource use due to competition

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19
Q

Sympatric

A

species in same location-leads to competition; beak size will be different; minimize competition

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20
Q

Allopatric

A

species in different location - no competition; beak size similar between locations; no need to minimize competition

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21
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

or warning coloration; which advertises an unpalatable taste; tropical frogs have bright coloration to advertise their skins lethality; monarch butterflies

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22
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage; color patterns on snake bodies

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23
Q

Mimicry

A

resemblance of mimic to another organism (model)

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24
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

both species are toxic

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25
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

one species is toxic, the other species is harmless

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26
Q

Displays on Intimidation

A

porcupine fish inflates itself

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27
Q

Fighting

A

antlers and horns can be used for defense

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28
Q

Where are plant defenses usually found?

A

in leaves and seeds

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29
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

chemical defenses for plants; morphine in poppies; caffeine in coffee; cyanide in apple seeds

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30
Q

Example of a Mechanical Defense in Plants

A

thorns

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31
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism feeds off another; but does not normally kill it outright

32
Q

Holoparasites

A

plant parasite; lack chlorophyll and are totally dependent on the host plant for their water and nutrients

33
Q

Hemiparasites

A

generally do photosynthesis, but they lack a root system to draw water; depend on their hosts for that function; mistletoe

34
Q

Monophagous

A

parasites that feed on one or two closely related hosts

35
Q

Polyphagous

A

parasites that feed on many hosts

36
Q

Microparasites

A

multiple within hosts, usually within cells; bacteria and viruses

37
Q

Macroparasites

A

live in host but release juvenile stages outside host body

38
Q

Ectoparasites

A

live on the outside of the host body; flea and ticks

39
Q

Endoparasites

A

live inside the host body; bacteria and tapeworms

40
Q

Amensalism

A

(0/-); no effect on one organism but detrimental to another organism; bread mold secretes penicillin which kills bacteria

41
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0); one member derives a benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed

42
Q

Community

A

assemblage of many populations that live in the same place at the same time; can occur on a wide variety of scales

43
Q

Community Ecology

A

studies of how groups of species interact and form functional communities

44
Q

Species Richness

A

number of species in each community

45
Q

Species Evenness

A

measure of number and abundance of species within a community ; communities with a more even distribution are more diverse

46
Q

What are the four hypotheses for latitudinal gradient?

A

stability (time) hypotheses; spatial heterogeneity (area) hypotheses; specialization hypothesis; and intermediate disturbance hypothesis

47
Q

Stability (Time) Hypothesis

A

communities diversify, or gain species, the longer they are undisturbed; support-leading edge hypothesis following glacial retreat

48
Q

Spatial Heterogeneity (Area) Hypothesis

A

larger areas have greater range of habitats=more species; support-insect diversity and tree range; problem-lack of heterogeneity- tundra/oceans

49
Q

Specialization Hypothesis

A

greater interspecific competition leads to narrow realized niches; long term result of CEP, Niche part. and character displacement; requires time and heterogeneity

50
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

highest numbers of species are maintained in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance; disturbance by droughts, fires, etc and/or by species interactions (herbivory, predation, parasitism); support- coral reefs exhibit highest species richness in areas disturbed by hurricanes and the richest tropical forests occur where disturbance by storms causes landslides and tree falls

51
Q

Diversity Stability Hypothesis

A

communities that contain more species will vary less through time in response to various disturbances; disturbances in a species rich community would not produce drastic effect as it would on a less diverse community

52
Q

Succession

A

gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time

53
Q

Primary Succession

A

succession on area not previously occupied by soil and vegetation; virgin ground, volcanic eruptions, areas exposed by glacial retreat

54
Q

Secondary Succession

A

succession on a site that has already supported life but that has undergone a disturbance such as a fire, tornado, hurricane, or flood

55
Q

Order of Succession

A

order to succession and it has a distinct end point (climax community); each phase of the succession called a sere or seral stage; each colonizing species made the environment a little different

56
Q

What are the three models of succession?

A

facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance

57
Q

Facilitation

A

colonizing species changed the environment so that it becomes more suitable for the next species; linear model of succession from small to large species; glacier bay example

58
Q

What are the seral stages in order?

A

pioneer, dryas, alder, and spruce

59
Q

Inhibition

A

early colonists may exclude subsequent colonists; what gets there first determines community structure; primary method of succession in marine intertidal zone

60
Q

Tolerance

A

any species can start the succession, but the eventual climax community is reached in a somewhat orderly fashion; species that establish and remain do not change the environment in ways that either facilitate or inhibit subsequent colonists; competition-intolerant species more successful at first; competition-tolerant species appear later and at climax

61
Q

What are the key distinctions between the three models for succession?

A

facilitation- species replacement facilitated by previous colonists; inhibition- species replacement is inhibited by previous colonists; tolerance- species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists

62
Q

What are the three parts of biological diversity?

A

genetic diversity, ecosystem/functional diversity, species diversity

63
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

the amount of genetic variation within and between population

64
Q

What does great diversity mean?

A

greater chance of surviving changes in the population; increase in population stability

65
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

or “functional diversity”; different species provide different “service” or “functions” to a system; effects of losing diversity

66
Q

Diversity Stability Hypothesis

A

more species = better function; every species contributes equally; little to no overlap in function; linear relationship

67
Q

Rivet Hypothesis

A

each plays a small but crucial role in the ecosystem; weird stair shaped relationship

68
Q

Keystone Hypothesis

A

dominated by “keystone” species; requires a few critical species for stability; role > number;

69
Q

Keystone Species Example(s)

A

beavers; bees; many of the crops that we rely on for food rely on bees for their pollination and reproduction

70
Q

What are the leading causes of diversity loss?

A

introduced species (competition, predation, disease); direct exploitation (ex hunting); habitat destruction (ex deforestation and farming); climate change

71
Q

What needs to be preserved?

A

indicator species; umbrella species; flagship species; keystone species

72
Q

Indicator Species

A

those who provide information on overall health of an ecosystem; ex) amphibians- can absorb toxic chemicals through skin which means if their is a large number of amphibians the ecosystem is healthy

73
Q

Umbrella Species

A

their habitat requirements are so large that protecting them protects lots of other species as well; ex) northern spotted owl

74
Q

Flagship Species

A

cute and cuddly; a large or very recognizable species; attractive/ help gain public support

75
Q

Keystone Species

A

a species whose role is much larger than its abundance; beaver, starfish, honey bees

76
Q

Why do small populations face the greatest threat?

A

inbreeding/ genetics

77
Q

Inbreeding

A

mating between genetically related relative; more likely with small number of mates

Biology 1108 (5 decks)

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