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Biology 1108 > Ecology Part 2 > Flashcards

Ecology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+), both species benefit

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2
Q

Trophic Mutualism

A

utilize a common resource; leaf cutting ants and fungus

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3
Q

Defense Mutualism

A

animal defends a plant or herbivore

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4
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

can live a part; mites can survive without ants but do better with ants and vice verse; not dependent on each other

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5
Q

Obligatory Mutualism

A

cannot live without the other; the organisms are dependent on each other, if you remove one the other dies

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6
Q

Competition

A

(-/-), neither species benefits from competition

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7
Q

Intraspecific

A

same species

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8
Q

Interspecific

A

different species

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9
Q

Exploitation Competition

A

or indirect competition; organisms compete indirectly for a limited source; like a race, two organisms are not directly/physically doing something to the other

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10
Q

Interference Competition

A

or direct competition; individuals interact directly with one another by force or intimidation

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11
Q

What are the foundational concepts of competition?

A

competitive exclusion principle, niche partitioning, and character displacement

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12
Q

What are the two types of niche?

A

fundamental niche and realized niche

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13
Q

Niche

A

everything required for an organism to live

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14
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

place where it can live

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15
Q

Realized Niche

A

place where it does live

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16
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

two species can not coexist in the same niche indefinitely; either one will go extinct or populations will adapt to slightly different niches

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17
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

differentiation of niches, both in space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community

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18
Q

Character Displacement

A

tendency for 2 species to diverge in morphology and resource use due to competition

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19
Q

Sympatric

A

species in same location-leads to competition; beak size will be different; minimize competition

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20
Q

Allopatric

A

species in different location - no competition; beak size similar between locations; no need to minimize competition

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21
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

or warning coloration; which advertises an unpalatable taste; tropical frogs have bright coloration to advertise their skins lethality; monarch butterflies

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22
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage; color patterns on snake bodies

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23
Q

Mimicry

A

resemblance of mimic to another organism (model)

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24
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

both species are toxic

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25
Batesian Mimicry
one species is toxic, the other species is harmless
26
Displays on Intimidation
porcupine fish inflates itself
27
Fighting
antlers and horns can be used for defense
28
Where are plant defenses usually found?
in leaves and seeds
29
What are secondary metabolites?
chemical defenses for plants; morphine in poppies; caffeine in coffee; cyanide in apple seeds
30
Example of a Mechanical Defense in Plants
thorns
31
Parasitism
one organism feeds off another; but does not normally kill it outright
32
Holoparasites
plant parasite; lack chlorophyll and are totally dependent on the host plant for their water and nutrients
33
Hemiparasites
generally do photosynthesis, but they lack a root system to draw water; depend on their hosts for that function; mistletoe
34
Monophagous
parasites that feed on one or two closely related hosts
35
Polyphagous
parasites that feed on many hosts
36
Microparasites
multiple within hosts, usually within cells; bacteria and viruses
37
Macroparasites
live in host but release juvenile stages outside host body
38
Ectoparasites
live on the outside of the host body; flea and ticks
39
Endoparasites
live inside the host body; bacteria and tapeworms
40
Amensalism
(0/-); no effect on one organism but detrimental to another organism; bread mold secretes penicillin which kills bacteria
41
Commensalism
(+/0); one member derives a benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed
42
Community
assemblage of many populations that live in the same place at the same time; can occur on a wide variety of scales
43
Community Ecology
studies of how groups of species interact and form functional communities
44
Species Richness
number of species in each community
45
Species Evenness
measure of number and abundance of species within a community ; communities with a more even distribution are more diverse
46
What are the four hypotheses for latitudinal gradient?
stability (time) hypotheses; spatial heterogeneity (area) hypotheses; specialization hypothesis; and intermediate disturbance hypothesis
47
Stability (Time) Hypothesis
communities diversify, or gain species, the longer they are undisturbed; support-leading edge hypothesis following glacial retreat
48
Spatial Heterogeneity (Area) Hypothesis
larger areas have greater range of habitats=more species; support-insect diversity and tree range; problem-lack of heterogeneity- tundra/oceans
49
Specialization Hypothesis
greater interspecific competition leads to narrow realized niches; long term result of CEP, Niche part. and character displacement; requires time and heterogeneity
50
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
highest numbers of species are maintained in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance; disturbance by droughts, fires, etc and/or by species interactions (herbivory, predation, parasitism); support- coral reefs exhibit highest species richness in areas disturbed by hurricanes and the richest tropical forests occur where disturbance by storms causes landslides and tree falls
51
Diversity Stability Hypothesis
communities that contain more species will vary less through time in response to various disturbances; disturbances in a species rich community would not produce drastic effect as it would on a less diverse community
52
Succession
gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time
53
Primary Succession
succession on area not previously occupied by soil and vegetation; virgin ground, volcanic eruptions, areas exposed by glacial retreat
54
Secondary Succession
succession on a site that has already supported life but that has undergone a disturbance such as a fire, tornado, hurricane, or flood
55
Order of Succession
order to succession and it has a distinct end point (climax community); each phase of the succession called a sere or seral stage; each colonizing species made the environment a little different
56
What are the three models of succession?
facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance
57
Facilitation
colonizing species changed the environment so that it becomes more suitable for the next species; linear model of succession from small to large species; glacier bay example
58
What are the seral stages in order?
pioneer, dryas, alder, and spruce
59
Inhibition
early colonists may exclude subsequent colonists; what gets there first determines community structure; primary method of succession in marine intertidal zone
60
Tolerance
any species can start the succession, but the eventual climax community is reached in a somewhat orderly fashion; species that establish and remain do not change the environment in ways that either facilitate or inhibit subsequent colonists; competition-intolerant species more successful at first; competition-tolerant species appear later and at climax
61
What are the key distinctions between the three models for succession?
facilitation- species replacement facilitated by previous colonists; inhibition- species replacement is inhibited by previous colonists; tolerance- species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists
62
What are the three parts of biological diversity?
genetic diversity, ecosystem/functional diversity, species diversity
63
Genetic Diversity
the amount of genetic variation within and between population
64
What does great diversity mean?
greater chance of surviving changes in the population; increase in population stability
65
Ecosystem Diversity
or "functional diversity"; different species provide different "service" or "functions" to a system; effects of losing diversity
66
Diversity Stability Hypothesis
more species = better function; every species contributes equally; little to no overlap in function; linear relationship
67
Rivet Hypothesis
each plays a small but crucial role in the ecosystem; weird stair shaped relationship
68
Keystone Hypothesis
dominated by "keystone" species; requires a few critical species for stability; role > number;
69
Keystone Species Example(s)
beavers; bees; many of the crops that we rely on for food rely on bees for their pollination and reproduction
70
What are the leading causes of diversity loss?
introduced species (competition, predation, disease); direct exploitation (ex hunting); habitat destruction (ex deforestation and farming); climate change
71
What needs to be preserved?
indicator species; umbrella species; flagship species; keystone species
72
Indicator Species
those who provide information on overall health of an ecosystem; ex) amphibians- can absorb toxic chemicals through skin which means if their is a large number of amphibians the ecosystem is healthy
73
Umbrella Species
their habitat requirements are so large that protecting them protects lots of other species as well; ex) northern spotted owl
74
Flagship Species
cute and cuddly; a large or very recognizable species; attractive/ help gain public support
75
Keystone Species
a species whose role is much larger than its abundance; beaver, starfish, honey bees
76
Why do small populations face the greatest threat?
inbreeding/ genetics
77
Inbreeding
mating between genetically related relative; more likely with small number of mates

Biology 1108 (5 decks)

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