Digestive/Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the two categories of digestive organs?

Answer 1

Digestive organs and accessory digestive organs

Question 2

What is the digestive system also called?

Answer 2

alimentary canal

Question 3

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

Answer 3

ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, and elimination of wastes

Question 4

Peristalsis

Answer 4

the ripple-like wave that propels material along the GI tract ( this happens when food goes down esophagus); it is movement in one direction

Question 5

Segmentation

Answer 5

churning and mixing (sloshing) of material

Question 6

Where does digestion begin?

Answer 6

in the oral cavity or mouth

Question 7

What type of digestion occurs in the oral cavity?

Answer 7

mechanical digestion; creates more surface area

Question 8

What are the structural features of the mouth?

Answer 8

cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth

Question 9

What does the tongue do?

Answer 9

helps mix and compress partially digested material into a bolus; tongue is attached by lingual frenulum

Question 10

Bolus

Answer 10

globular mass of ingested material that can be more easily swallowed

Question 11

What is the functions of the salivary glands?

Answer 11

moistens ingested materials, moistens/cleanses/lubricates oral cavity, chemical digestion begins, anitbacterial action, dissolves materials so that the taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated

Question 12

Parotid Gland

Answer 12

largest of the 3 salivary glands; secretes 25-30% of total saliva; secretes salivary amylase

Question 13

Sub-mandibular gland

Answer 13

located in the lower jaw; produces the majority of saliva (60-70%)

Question 14

Sub-lingual Glands

Answer 14

inferior to the tongue; contributes only 3-5% of total saliva

Question 15

What are the two types of secretory cells found in salivary glands?

Answer 15

mucous cells- secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration
serous cells- secrete a watery fluid; containing ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

Question 16

What are the two sets of teeth that erupt in a normal lifetime?

Answer 16

deciduous teeth (milk teeth)- 20 in number
permanent teeth- replace the deciduous teeth and are 32 in number

Question 17

What are the 4 types of permanent teeth?

Answer 17

incisors- most anteriorly places, shaped like chisels, and have a single root
canines- pointed tips for puncturing and tearing
premolars- flat with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding
molars- thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding of ingested materials

Question 18

What are the four different types of taste buds?

Answer 18

foliate, circumvallate, filliform, fungiform

Question 19

Pharynx

Answer 19

forms the back of the throat and branches to feed into the trachea (to the lungs) and esophagus (to the stomach)

Question 20

Epiglottis

Answer 20

flap covering trachea preventing food from entering the trachea

Question 21

Major Functions of the Stomach

Answer 21

storage of ingested food, mostly mechanical digestion, some chemical digestion by acid and enzymes (mostly proteins)

Question 22

Digestion in the Stomach

Answer 22

mostly mechanical, stomach preforms preliminary digestion of proteins (digestion of lipids are rare; lingual lipase); NO absorption of nurtrients

Question 23

Stomach Contents

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid and pepsin (enzyme), pH near 2.0 (acidic), protein disassembly begins (pepsin enzyme), become more fluid (bolus to chyme)

Question 24

Pyloric Sphincter Valve

Answer 24

separates stomach from the duodenum

Question 25

Where does most absorption occur?

Answer 25

small intestine; 90% of absorption

Question 26

Duodenum

Answer 26

segment closest to the stomach, "mixing bowl" that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

Question 27

Functions of the Duodenum

Answer 27

receive chyme from stomach; neutralize acids before they can damage the small intestine

Question 28

What gland neutralizes acids before entering the small intestine?

Answer 28

Brunner's Gland

Question 29

Jejunum

Answer 29

middle segment of the small intestine, location of most chemical digestion (upper) and nutrient absorption (lower), has plicae circulares (folds to increase surface area)

Question 30

Ileum

Answer 30

3rd and longest segment of SI, ends at the ileocecal valve (controls flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine), lined with Peyer's Patches (fight off bacteria from LI)

Question 31

Large Intestine

Answer 31

reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria, compaction and storage of fecal material prior to defecation

Question 32

Functions of the Pancreas

Answer 32

1) Endocrine- controls blood sugar; secretes insulin and into the blood stream 2) Exocrine cells- secrete enzymes into the duodenum- carbs, lipids, proteins

Question 33

Liver

Answer 33

metabolic regulation ( about 200 different functions), hematological (blood) regulation, bile production

Question 34

Gallbladder

Answer 34

stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into small intestine, releases bile into duodenum- helps with lipid movement and digestion

Question 35

What type of ventilation pattern is in mammals?

Answer 35

tidal ( bidirectional )- air flows in and out of the lungs by the same path

Question 36

Residual Air

Answer 36

small amount of air remains in the lungs at all times; helps keep lungs inflated; inhaled oxygen is diluted due to the residual air which in turn decreases amount of available oxygen for gas exchange

Question 37

What does the trachea branch into?

Answer 37

bronchi (which are supported by cartilage rings)

Question 38

How does the trachea trap dust?

Answer 38

trachea is ciliated and has mucus cells; the mucus and cilia trap dust and sweep it into the esophagus

Question 39

What does the bronchi lead into?

Answer 39

bronchioles (which lack cartilaginous rings)

Question 40

What does the bronchioles turn into?

Answer 40

alveolar sacs

Question 41

Where does gas exchange take place?

Answer 41

in the alveoli (looks like a bunch of grapes)

Question 42

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 42

fusion between an alveolus and a pulmonary capillary; maximize respiratory gas exchange; very thin tissue

Question 43

Ventilation

Answer 43

active moving of air or water over gas exchange surfaces (breathing)

Question 44

Perfusion

Answer 44

circulating blood over the gas exchange surfaces

Question 45

Inhalation

Answer 45

ACTIVE PROCESS; diaphragm flattens, external intercostal (rib) muscles contract elevating the rib cage, volume of thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand, air flows down pressure gradient into the lungs

Question 46

Normal Exhalation

Answer 46

PASSIVE PROCESS; muscles of inhalation relax, thoracic cavity recoils, lung volume decreases, air flows down concentration gradient and out of the lungs

Question 47

Tidal Volume

Answer 47

TV; air inhaled or exhaled resting conditions (normal breathing)

Question 48

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 48

IRV; air that is forcefully inhaled AFTER a normal inhalation

Question 49

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 49

ERV; air forcefully exhaled AFTER a normal exhalation

Question 50

Vital Capacity

Answer 50

VC; Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration

Question 51

Residual Volume

Answer 51

RV; amount of air that remains in the lungs after the ERV; keeps lungs from collapsing

Question 52

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 52

TLC; total amount of air the lungs can hold

Question 53

Vital Capacity =

Answer 53

TV + IRV +ERV

Question 54

Total Lung Capacity =

Answer 54

VC + RV