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Biology 1108 > Digestive/Respiratory System > Flashcards

Digestive/Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two categories of digestive organs?

A

Digestive organs and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is the digestive system also called?

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, and elimination of wastes

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4
Q

Peristalsis

A

the ripple-like wave that propels material along the GI tract ( this happens when food goes down esophagus); it is movement in one direction

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5
Q

Segmentation

A

churning and mixing (sloshing) of material

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6
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

in the oral cavity or mouth

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7
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the oral cavity?

A

mechanical digestion; creates more surface area

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8
Q

What are the structural features of the mouth?

A

cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth

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9
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

helps mix and compress partially digested material into a bolus; tongue is attached by lingual frenulum

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10
Q

Bolus

A

globular mass of ingested material that can be more easily swallowed

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11
Q

What is the functions of the salivary glands?

A

moistens ingested materials, moistens/cleanses/lubricates oral cavity, chemical digestion begins, anitbacterial action, dissolves materials so that the taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated

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12
Q

Parotid Gland

A

largest of the 3 salivary glands; secretes 25-30% of total saliva; secretes salivary amylase

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13
Q

Sub-mandibular gland

A

located in the lower jaw; produces the majority of saliva (60-70%)

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14
Q

Sub-lingual Glands

A

inferior to the tongue; contributes only 3-5% of total saliva

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15
Q

What are the two types of secretory cells found in salivary glands?

A

mucous cells- secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration
serous cells- secrete a watery fluid; containing ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

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16
Q

What are the two sets of teeth that erupt in a normal lifetime?

A

deciduous teeth (milk teeth)- 20 in number
permanent teeth- replace the deciduous teeth and are 32 in number

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of permanent teeth?

A

incisors- most anteriorly places, shaped like chisels, and have a single root
canines- pointed tips for puncturing and tearing
premolars- flat with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding
molars- thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding of ingested materials

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18
Q

What are the four different types of taste buds?

A

foliate, circumvallate, filliform, fungiform

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

forms the back of the throat and branches to feed into the trachea (to the lungs) and esophagus (to the stomach)

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20
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap covering trachea preventing food from entering the trachea

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21
Q

Major Functions of the Stomach

A

storage of ingested food, mostly mechanical digestion, some chemical digestion by acid and enzymes (mostly proteins)

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22
Q

Digestion in the Stomach

A

mostly mechanical, stomach preforms preliminary digestion of proteins (digestion of lipids are rare; lingual lipase); NO absorption of nurtrients

23
Q

Stomach Contents

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin (enzyme), pH near 2.0 (acidic), protein disassembly begins (pepsin enzyme), become more fluid (bolus to chyme)

24
Q

Pyloric Sphincter Valve

A

separates stomach from the duodenum

25
Q

Where does most absorption occur?

A

small intestine; 90% of absorption

26
Q

Duodenum

A

segment closest to the stomach, “mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

27
Q

Functions of the Duodenum

A

receive chyme from stomach; neutralize acids before they can damage the small intestine

28
Q

What gland neutralizes acids before entering the small intestine?

A

Brunner’s Gland

29
Q

Jejunum

A

middle segment of the small intestine, location of most chemical digestion (upper) and nutrient absorption (lower), has plicae circulares (folds to increase surface area)

30
Q

Ileum

A

3rd and longest segment of SI, ends at the ileocecal valve (controls flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine), lined with Peyer’s Patches (fight off bacteria from LI)

31
Q

Large Intestine

A

reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria, compaction and storage of fecal material prior to defecation

32
Q

Functions of the Pancreas

A

1) Endocrine- controls blood sugar; secretes insulin and into the blood stream
2) Exocrine cells- secrete enzymes into the duodenum- carbs, lipids, proteins

33
Q

Liver

A

metabolic regulation ( about 200 different functions), hematological (blood) regulation, bile production

34
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into small intestine, releases bile into duodenum- helps with lipid movement and digestion

35
Q

What type of ventilation pattern is in mammals?

A

tidal ( bidirectional )- air flows in and out of the lungs by the same path

36
Q

Residual Air

A

small amount of air remains in the lungs at all times; helps keep lungs inflated; inhaled oxygen is diluted due to the residual air which in turn decreases amount of available oxygen for gas exchange

37
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

bronchi (which are supported by cartilage rings)

38
Q

How does the trachea trap dust?

A

trachea is ciliated and has mucus cells; the mucus and cilia trap dust and sweep it into the esophagus

39
Q

What does the bronchi lead into?

A

bronchioles (which lack cartilaginous rings)

40
Q

What does the bronchioles turn into?

A

alveolar sacs

41
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

in the alveoli (looks like a bunch of grapes)

42
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

fusion between an alveolus and a pulmonary capillary; maximize respiratory gas exchange; very thin tissue

43
Q

Ventilation

A

active moving of air or water over gas exchange surfaces (breathing)

44
Q

Perfusion

A

circulating blood over the gas exchange surfaces

45
Q

Inhalation

A

ACTIVE PROCESS; diaphragm flattens, external intercostal (rib) muscles contract elevating the rib cage, volume of thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand, air flows down pressure gradient into the lungs

46
Q

Normal Exhalation

A

PASSIVE PROCESS; muscles of inhalation relax, thoracic cavity recoils, lung volume decreases, air flows down concentration gradient and out of the lungs

47
Q

Tidal Volume

A

TV; air inhaled or exhaled resting conditions (normal breathing)

48
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

IRV; air that is forcefully inhaled AFTER a normal inhalation

49
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

ERV; air forcefully exhaled AFTER a normal exhalation

50
Q

Vital Capacity

A

VC; Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration

51
Q

Residual Volume

A

RV; amount of air that remains in the lungs after the ERV; keeps lungs from collapsing

52
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

TLC; total amount of air the lungs can hold

53
Q

Vital Capacity =

A

TV + IRV +ERV

54
Q

Total Lung Capacity =

A

VC + RV

Biology 1108 (5 decks)

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