ecology- cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

surface water

A

run-off, moves downhill through stream systems and back to the ocean due to gravity and slope

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2
Q

ground water

A

enters ground through infiltration and remains there for several hundred years
moves through aquifers
emerges in springs
moves through the biosphere through transpiration

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3
Q

transpiration

A

water absorbed by the roots of plants then carried through the plant and lost as water vapour through stromates(small pores in the leaves)

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4
Q

five chemical elements required for life

A

carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen phosphorus

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5
Q

short term stores(carbon)

A

aquatic and terrestrial living organisms
in co2 in the atmosphere
top layers of the ocean

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6
Q

long term stores(carbon)

A

middle and lower ocean layers as dissolved co2

coal, oil and gas deposits in land and ocean sediments

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7
Q

sedimentation

A

layers of soil and decomposing organic matter slowly under great pressure becomes coal oil and gas

layers of shells are also deposited in sediments on the ocean floor forming carbonate rocks like limestone

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8
Q

carbon stores alternate name

A

carbon sinks

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9
Q

carbon types in organic or biological molecules

A

carbohydrates or sugars
proteins
lipids or fats
the nucleus acids(dna rna atp)

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10
Q

photosynthesis

A

occurs in plants, cyanobacteria and algae

carbon in atmosphere transformed into carbohydrates

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11
Q

cellular respiration

A

carbohydrates release energy in consumers

energy used for growth, repair and other cell processes

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12
Q

decomposition

A

breaks down large quantities of cellulose to glucose

most organisms cannot break down cellulose

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13
Q

ocean processes

A

co2 dissolves in cold northern waters and sinks
ocean currents flow to tropical water where the water rises and releases co2
this is called ocean mixing

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14
Q

volcanic eruption and fires release?

3 chemicals

A

co2 methane and carbon monoxide

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15
Q

nitrogen is important in

A

the structure of dna and proteins

chlorophyll

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16
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of n2 gas to compounds containing nitrate and ammonium

occurs in lightning in the atmosphere
nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil
cyanobacteria in the water

17
Q

nitrification

A

ammonium is converted into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria and nitrites which is then turned into nitrate

18
Q

uptake

A

nitrate enters plant roots

makes plant proteins

19
Q

denitrification

A

nitrogen returns to the atmosphere
by denitrifying bacteria
volcanic eruptions
excess dissolves in the water and enters surface water and runs off into lakes and oceans

20
Q

human activities in the nitrogen cycle

A

burning fossil fuels and sewage treatments releases nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
nitric acid- acid rain

21
Q

excess nitrogen in water

A

occurs when nitrogen containing fertilizers are used in excess

leaches into surface water

promotes awuiatic growth called algae blooms that use dissolved o2 in the water and block sunlight killing many aquatic organisms

blooms also produce neurotoxins-red tide

22
Q

phosphorus used for

A
atp that carries energy 
cell membrane 
strong bones
dna and rna 
nucleus acids 
phoso lipids
23
Q

where is phosphate stored

A

NOT IN ATMOSPHERE

trapped in rocks and sediments on the ocean floors

released by weathering

24
Q

weathering types

A

chemical and physical
chemical is acid rain or lichens

physical is wind water and freezing

25
Q

when does weathering occur

A

when there is geological uplift exposing the rock

26
Q

how do humans add excess phosphorus

A

through mining and fertilizer
found in dishwashing and laundry detergents
can cause algal blooms

27
Q

eutrophication

A

excess nutrients release from river mouths into the ocean to create dead zones

28
Q

carbon cycle changes affect

A

climate and global warming

29
Q

nitrogen increase affects

A

environment

certain species outcompete

30
Q

decreased levels of phosphorus affect

A

can inhibit growth of algae which are important producers in many food chains