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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animals compete for:

A

Food, territory, mates

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2
Q

Plants compete for:

A

Light, water nutrients (mineral ions,), space.

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3
Q

Why is maintaining biodiversity important for organisms

A

Ensure stability of ecosystem by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and maintenance of the physical environment

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4
Q

Why is them human population increasing

A

Growth of more food
Being able to cure or prevent diseases
Humans have no natural problems

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5
Q

How are breeding programmes used to maintain biodiversity

A

Population sizes increase in captivity

Animals then reintroduced into the wild

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6
Q

Why are protecting wildlife parks used to maintain biodiversity

A

Humans are not able to destroy the habitat so wildlife can flourish

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7
Q

What problems is the higher standard of living causing to the environment

A

People using earths resources to generate electricity, fuel for transport
Mor people more resources being used: pollution (waste production by humans)

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8
Q

How is deforestation impacting on biodiversity

A

Large areas of these forests are destroyed to provide land for rice fields, grazing cattle or growing crops for biofuel.

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9
Q

How is global warming impacting on biodiversity

A

Loss of habitat when low lying area are flooded by sea levels

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10
Q

Adaptation

A

Having special features that enable an organism to survive in a particular habitat

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11
Q

Extremophiles

A

Organisms that survive and produce in extreme conditions

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12
Q

Structural adaptation

A

Shape or colour of the organisms or part of the organism

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13
Q

Behavioural adaptation

A

Migration to move to a better climate for the summer or winter, basking to absorb energy from the sun to warm up. Penguin huddle.

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14
Q

Insectivorous plants

A

Example: Venus fly trap

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15
Q

Biomass

A

Amount of biological material in an organism

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16
Q

Predator

A

Carnivores and is an organisms that hunt and eat herbivores and sometimes carnivores

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17
Q

Prey

A

Are usually carnivores, an organism that are hunted by predators

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18
Q

What do plants compete for ?

A

Light and space and water and mineral ions in the soil

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19
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Food, water, mating partners and territory

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20
Q

Interdependence

A

Every animals depend on other living organisms for food

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21
Q

Plants can depend on animals?

A

Yes, such as bees for pollen and birds can disperse seeds in their faeces

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22
Q

If a species disappear from a community…

A

It can affect the whole community negatively

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23
Q

Stucutural adaptations

A

Adaptations of body shape or structure

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24
Q

Functional adaptations

A

Adaptations to the body function of an organism

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25
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Adaptations to the animals lifestyle or behaviour

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26
Q

Extremophiles

A

Organism that adapted to live in very extreme conditions

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27
Q

Biotic

A

Living

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28
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living

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29
Q

Biotic factors

A

Availability of food
New predator
Competition
New pathogens

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30
Q

If availability of food falls…

A

The number of organisms in that community will also fall

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31
Q

New predator can cause…

A

The population of a prey species to fall and increase competition

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32
Q

If a species is outcompeted….

A

Then it’s population can fail so much that numbers can no longer be sufficient to breed and the species,any become extinct

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33
Q

If infectious diseases emerges and spreads….

A

It can wipe out a population of species

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34
Q

Abiotic factors

A 
Light intensity
Temperature
Water
pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
Co2 and oxygen
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35
Q

If light intensity is too low…

A

Then the rate of photosynthesis falls and plants will grow more slowly ( affects animals who feed on plants and can impact a whole community)

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36
Q

If temperature of an environment changes….

A

Then this could cause the distribution of species to change

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37
Q

Many plants cannot grow on soil if it’s…

A

Too acidic or too alkaline

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38
Q

Plants need certain minerals in the soil for example…

A

Nitrate = used to make amino acids for proteins

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39
Q

Co2 is needed for?

A

Photosynthesis

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40
Q

If co2 levels fall…

A

then rate of photosynthesis will also decrease

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41
Q

Oxygen is needed for?

A

Aerobic respiration

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42
Q

What does a food chain start with?

A

The producer

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43
Q

In the sea a producer would be a…

A

Algae or seaweed

44
Q

Scientist call molecules such as glucose

A

Biomass

45
Q

Producers are important because they’re the

A

Source of all biomass in the community

46
Q

Organism that eat producers are called

A

Primary consumers

47
Q

Primary consumers are eaten by

A

Secondary consumers

48
Q

Tertiary consumers eats

A

Secondary consumers

49
Q

Numbers of preys and predator in a cycle…

A

Falls and rises

50
Q

Stable community is where

A

All biotic and abiotic factors are in balance

51
Q

Random sampling

A

Used to compare the number of organisms in different areas

52
Q

To complete random sampling what is needed?

A

Quadrat

53
Q

Transect

A

A line such as a tape measure or rope

54
Q

Carbon cycle starts with the

A

Carbon dioxide int he atmosphere

55
Q

The only way the carbon can enter the carbon cycle in through

A

Photosynthesis

56
Q

In photosynthesis (uses light energy carbon dioxide is combined with….

A

Water to make the sugar glucose

57
Q

Carbon dioxide returns backs to the atmosphere by

A

Aerobic respiration

58
Q

The carbon cycle inviolves two key processes

A

Photosynthesis and respiration

59
Q

Plant and algae take in co2 from the atmosphere in,,,

A

Photosynthesis

60
Q

Carbon is used to make

A

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

61
Q

Plants and algae…

A

Respire and some carbon is released back to the atmosphere as co2

62
Q

Animals release wast products such as

A

Faeces

63
Q

Decomposing microorganisms

A

Bactria and fungi

64
Q

When decomposes carry out respiration…

A

Carbon in the waste and dead remains is returned to the atmosphere as co2

65
Q

Decomposers also release

A

Mineral ions to the soil

66
Q

Photosynthesis brings in

A

Co2 into the carbon cycle

67
Q

Respiration in the carbon cycle,,,

A

Returns the oxygen cstbon back into the atmosphere

68
Q

Energy from the sun causes water to…

A

Evaporate from the surface of the sea

69
Q

Water vapour travels into the air and

A

cool down

70
Q

After cooling down the water vapour

A

Condenses to form clouds

71
Q

The water in the clouds then falls to the…

A

Ground as precipitation

72
Q

Precipitation included

A

Rain and snow as well as hail and sleet

73
Q

All forms of precipitation contains

A

Fresh water ( doesn’t contain salt)

74
Q

Once the water hits the ground…

A

Some evaporates back to the atmosphere as water vapour, some passes through the rocks and forms aquifers, some forms rivers and streams

75
Q

Transpiration

A

Plants take up waterin the roots, the water move up the plant in the xylem, passes out of the leaves through the stomata as water vapour

76
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of all different species of organisms on earth

77
Q

Species depend on each other for….

A

Food and shelter

78
Q

Species also help to..

A

Maintain the environment

79
Q

Decomposes break down…

A

Remains of dead organisms

80
Q

Land is often used for

A

Rice fields or for grazing cattle and in many cases used to grow crops (which are used to make biofuels)

81
Q

Water pollution

A

Some cases untreated sewage is accidentally released into rivers/streams
Fertilises from farms can also pollute river/streams

82
Q

Both fertilisers and untreated sewage causes

A

Dissolved oxygen levels to fall and can kill aquatic organism

83
Q

Toxic chemicals from factories are released into rivers which can

A

Kill aquatic organisms

84
Q

Burning coal from power stations can

A

Release acidic gases and cause acid rain

85
Q

Air pollution can killl

A

Plants and animals and reduce biodiversity

86
Q

Landfills destroy

A

Habitats for plants and animals

87
Q

Toxic chemicals can

A

Leach out landfills and pollute the soil

88
Q

Waste can lead to the

A

Pollution of air, water and land and can reduce biodiversity

89
Q

What is reducing biodiversity

A

Human activity (partly due to land)

90
Q

Humans use land for…

A

Buildings, factories, shops and airports

Farms and quarries and landfills

91
Q

Peat bogs and peat lands

A

Contain large amounts of dead plants animals

Slow decay, large amounts of trapped carbon

92
Q

Pear is being destroyed for

A

Cheap compost for gardens, farms, and some countries burnt to release energy to generate electricity

93
Q

What happens to peat once it’s extracted and used for compost ?

A

Decays

94
Q

Level of methane in the atmosphere increased or decreased?

A

Increase

95
Q

Methane is produced by?

A

Bacteria in paddy fields, used f9 grow rice and by cows when they pass wind

96
Q

What are examples of greenhouse gases? What do they do?

A

Co2 and methane

Trap heat into the atmosphere

97
Q

Peer review

A

Check to see if they’re false claims by a number of scientists
Make sure research published in scientific journals are valid

98
Q

In the media (newspapers) are not subjected to peer review so…

A

Reporting on global warming may be /sometimes oversimplified, inaccurate or biased

99
Q

Consequences of global warming for animal

A

Loss of habitats
Insects or birds may extend their range to cooler conditions (increase in them in the UK+bring diseases (malaria))
Migration

100
Q

Consequences of global warming for plants

A

Spring plants flowering earlier due to warmer conditions
Able to grow crops in the uk in certain places where we can’t but in certain hot countries in the world it may be too hot to grow crops they need

101
Q

How to reduce negative effects of humans on biodiversity ?

A

Breeding programmes for endangered species

102
Q

Wetlands have a high level of….

A

biodiversity

103
Q

The protection and regeneration of rare habitats is important for….

A

Preserving biodiversity

104
Q

One area where biodiversity is low

A

Farms

105
Q

Field margins

A

Farmers leaving a strip of land where wild plants and animals can live

106
Q

Hedgerow

A

Lots of doffed fun species and plants love in hedgerow

107
Q

What can help to preserve biodiversity

A

Field margins hedgerows

Biology (7 decks)

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