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Science 9 EXAM REVIEW > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

C02 + H20 + —> Sugar + Oxygen

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2
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> C02 + H20 + energy

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3
Q

What gas is most abundant in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen ( N2 )

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4
Q

The atmosphere is made up of…..

A

78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen
[ less than ] <1% argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases

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5
Q

How far is the Earth from the Sun on average?

A

149,597,890 km

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6
Q

_____ % of the Earth’s surface is covered in water

A

70%

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7
Q

Earth travels through space at what speed?

A

107, 229 km/h

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8
Q

How old is the earth?

A

between 4 and 5 billion years old!

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9
Q

Earth is mostly made up of..

A

Earth is mostly iron, oxygen and silicon

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10
Q

The Earth’s atmosphere extends out to ________km

A

10,000 km

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11
Q

the atmosphere acts like a…

A

Acts like a blanket and moderates surface temperatures.

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12
Q

the atmosphere blocks out..

A

Blocks solar radiation (UV light)

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13
Q

97% of Earth’s water is contained in the _____

A

oceans

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14
Q

What is ecological niche?

A

The ecological niche is the job of an organism, what it eats, and what eats it.

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15
Q

Ecosystem

A

all of the living organisms that share a region and interact with each other and their non-living environment.

An ecosystem is composed of both living and non-living components

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16
Q

Biotic factors

A

include all living organisms, their remains, and their products or wastes.

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17
Q

Abiotic factors

A

include non-living physical and chemical components such as temperature, wind, water, minerals, and air

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18
Q

Individual organisms from many different species share an _______

A

Individual organisms from many different species share an ecosystem.

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19
Q

All of the individuals of a single species in a particular area make a _______

A

All of the individuals of a single species in a particular area make a population.

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20
Q

Individuals from all of the populations form
the ______

A

Individuals from all of the populations form
the community.

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21
Q

example of small ecosystem

A

community of bacteria and fungi living in a rotting log.

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22
Q

example of large ecosystem

A

a forest or a lake.

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23
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Made up of all the water on Earth

Solid - glaciers
Liquid – lakes, oceans, etc and groundwater
Gas – clouds, water vapour

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24
Q

Biosphere

A

The zone around Earth where life can exist

Most can be found on land and in water

Some micro-organisms can live several kms below the earth’s surface

Can have artificial biospheres

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25
Q

Radiant energy

A

comes from the sun (this energy travels through empty space)

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26
Q

Thermal energy

A

energy transferred during heating and cooling

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27
Q

About _____ of _______energy is absorbed by the hydrosphere and lithosphere and converted into _____ energy

A

About 70% of radiant energy is absorbed by the hydrosphere and lithosphere and converted into thermal energy

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28
Q

________ energy can keep the earth’s surface warm but organisms can not use this energy to grow and function

A

thermal energy

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29
Q

_________ energy (instead of light energy) is most useful for organisms because it can be stored and released when needed. It is used by all organisms to perform functions such as movement, growth and reproduction.

A

chemical energy

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30
Q

How can some organisms produce chemical energy?

A

photosynthesis

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31
Q

what is the process in which the Sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy?

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

________ are organisms that photosynthesize their own energy rich food

A

producers

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33
Q

Organisms that can not carry out photosynthesis usually have to depend on ______ for food

A

producers

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34
Q

Most producers are ______ plants

A

green plants (the green color is due to the presence of chlorophyll which captures light energy)

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35
Q

examples of producers in a aquatic ecosystem

A

Algae and cyanobacteria

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36
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cellular Respiration is a term for the process of food, in the form of sugar (glucose) is transformed into energy with the metabolic process which takes place within a cell.

Cellular respiration is the complementary reaction to photosynthesis

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37
Q

___________ is a chemical process in which energy is released from food

A

cellular respiration

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38
Q

in cellular respiration Sugar and oxygen are rearranged to make _____ and _____

A

Sugar and oxygen are rearranged to make CO2 and H2O

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39
Q

The energy stored in the sugar is released in cellular respiration. It does not require any light energy for the reaction.

A

TRUE

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40
Q

Some organisms can not carry out photosynthesis so they must obtain their energy and building blocks by eating other organisms (they are CONSUMERS)

A

TRUE

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41
Q

Producers can undergo photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

TRUE

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42
Q

Consumers only undergo cellular respiration

A

TRUE

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43
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixation

Nitrification

Assimilation

Denitrification

Ammonification

46
Q

Nitrogen cycle DETAILED

A

Nitrogen fixation - The first step that involves the making of atmospheric nitrogen, lighting can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, but most of the fixation is done by soil bacteria that change atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium.

Nitrification - The process by which ammonium is changed into nitrates from soil bacteria. Nitrates are what plants can then absorb.

Assimilation - The process by which plants get nitrogen, they absorb nitrates from the soil into their roots. Nitrogen is used in amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll which become part of the plant matter.

Denitrification - Extra nitrates in the soil get back into the atmosphere as atmospheric nitrogen. Certain special soil bacteria perform this task too.

Ammonification - This is a process of the cycle that is the decaying process. When a plant or animal dies, decomposers like fungi and bacteria turn the nitrogen back into ammonium which continues the nitrogen cycle.

47
Q

How is the formation of natural gas related to the formation of coal and petroleum?

A
  • both once compressed and heated which causes them to turn into coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
  • both formed with similar processes and can be buried, compressed, or heated to be formed.
  • all go through the process by which the organic matter is transferred into fossil fuels.
48
Q

Lithosphere

A

The lithosphere is the earth’s most solid and rigid base, it is the outermost layer of earth’s rocks and crust.

49
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Hydrosphere: A sphere or component of the earth which is made of water, this includes the ocean, rivers, lakes, and streams.

50
Q

Atmosphere

A

Atmosphere - The whole component of the earth that is surrounded by air or a mixture of gas that surrounds the earth.

51
Q

Biosphere

A

Biosphere - A part of Earth where biotic and abiotic factors of the environment exist, the region on, above, and below the Earth’s surface where life exists is known as the biosphere.

52
Q

Biological control

A

Biological control is the hardest way to stop the spread of invasive species, you use a predator to reduce the population of invasive species. The natural enemy or predator of the invasive species will naturally hunt it, and it may be an “intentional introduction” to stop the spread of a certain organism.

53
Q

Mechanical control

A

Mechanical control - With a lack of options, you may need to use mechanical control to cut down or burn invasive plants. invasive animals can be hunted or trapped, limiting the spread of invasive species.

54
Q

Chemical Control

A

Chemical Control - Chemical control is the use of pesticides, pesticides reduce crop damage and are used on agriculture pests, they help stop the spread of invasive species but they may cause harm to species that are native and cause no harm, and pollute the air, water, and soil. They can pollute streams, and ponds, and contaminate groundwater, which may have an impact on the organisms in the water.

55
Q

What are three ways to controll an invasive species?

A

chemical control, mechanical control & biological control

56
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

Invasive species - a non-native species whose intentional or accidental introduction negatively impacts the natural environment.

57
Q

What is a non-native species?

A

Non-Native species - Species that are introduced but do not have a negative impact on the region

58
Q

What is Biomagnification?

A

Biomagnification: Biomagnification means the organism that has toxins increases in concentration in organisms higher in the food chain

59
Q

What is Bioaccumulation?

A

Bioaccumulation: Bioaccumulation is when a toxin builds up inside of an organism faster than it can be removed.

60
Q

EUTROPHICATION

A

Definition of eutrophication:

An increase in the number of nutrients present in the ocean that impact aquatic life, caused by various activities, such as excessive use of fertilizers in soil that may be transferred during rain from rivers and streams to oceans.

Algal bloom: A rapid growth of algae from too many nutrients available in the ocean.

61
Q

nitrous oxide

A

A greenhouse gas that is created when the role of denitrification increases leading heat to be trapped in the atmosphere, causing pollution and global warming on earth.

62
Q

Types of Nitrogen

A

Types of Nitrogen

Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2)
Ammonium (NH4)
Nitrates (NO3)
Nitrites (NO2)

63
Q

What is the law of conservation?

A

matter can never be created nor can it be destroyed, it can only be transformed meaning it can be moved through the cycle

ex.
Earth is an open system for energy but a closed system of matter.

carbon dioxide and nitrogen can never be created or destroyed and are only moved throughout the entire cycle.

ex. being dissolved in water or used in photosynthesis

64
Q

Farming/use of fertilizers affects on ecosystems

A
  • carbon dioxide to spread into oceans through lakes which causes algal blooms, the growth of algae from a large amount of nutrients.

-Harming the environment and humans.

65
Q

Invasive Species affects on ecosystems

A

cause harm to the environment, causing the extinction of other species or plants through competition and the invasive species can cause an imbalance in the predator and prey populations.

66
Q

Eutrophication affects on ecosystems

A

affects the nitrogen cycle, when you use a large amount of fertilizer, rain washes it off and the nitrogen is carried from streams to oceans, it carries nutrients that help a large amount of algae growth,

causing algal bloom. The algae blocks the sunlight that plants in the ocean need to sustain and therefore die.
affects humans as Swimming, swallowing, and drinking algal bloom can cause health problems.

67
Q

Deforestation affects on ecosystems

A

affects the carbon cycle since carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere,

deforestation will significantly affect the environment because it forms global warming.

68
Q

Fossil Fuels affects on ecosystems

A

a large amount of carbon dioxide released into atmosphere

a greenhouse gas that causes too much heat in the environment, and global warming is formed.

69
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum amount of organisms the environment can sustain, this is shelter, predators, and diseases.

For example, too many predators can lead to a decrease in the prey population or even extinction.

70
Q

Succession

A

the process of an ecosystem recovering from a disaster

71
Q

Equilibrium

A

healthy ecosystem/abiotic and biotic factors are constant

72
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species which other species largely depend on and if it went extinct there would be a drastic change and it would impact the survival of other species.

73
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

Trophic Cascade: Interactions that control the entire ecosystem.

74
Q

Primary Successions

A

Primary Successions include volcano eruptions, floods, landslides, nuclear explosions etc Lichen or pioneer species come after some soil is formed and takes years to process.

Unlike secondary successions in primary ones, the soil is destroyed and producers cannot grow.

75
Q

Commensalism

A

When one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

76
Q

Parasitism

A

When one organism benefits but the other organism is harmed.

77
Q

Mutualism

A

Mutualism: A relationship between two
organisms where they both benefit,

78
Q

Competition

A

Organisms that strive for the same resources in their limited supplies

79
Q

Predation

A

The preying of one animal from another

80
Q

Biomass

A

a dry mass of a living or once living organism per unit area.

81
Q

What is the 10% rule?

A

The 10% rule is applied when an organism eats plants or animals below the trophic level only 10% of the energy is absorbed therefore the organism above the trophic level will require more food, consuming more of the one below, decreasing the population.

The pattern continues decreasing the population of each trophic level.

82
Q

Food webs

A

Food webs are m ore detailed and show better relationships within different organisms while food chains only express a singular energy that moves through the ecosystem.

83
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The function a species serves in an ecosystem, including what is eats and how it behaves.

84
Q

example of ecological niches

A

the niche of a black bear: black bears feed on nuts and berries. They may carry the seeds quite a long distance before the they digest and expel the seeds in a new area where they may germinate. Bears hibernate during the winter. Bears are often host to a variety of parasites and feeding insects

85
Q

Types of Consumers

A

herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
scavenger

86
Q

herbivore

A

animal that eats plants or other producers

87
Q

carnivore

A

animal that eats other animals

88
Q

scavenger

A

animal that feeds on the remains of another organism

89
Q

food chains

A

display feeding relationships between species

and

how energy is transferred from one organism to another

90
Q

omnivore

A

animal that eats both plants and animals

91
Q

Trophic level

A

refers to the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on its feeding position along a food chain

92
Q

producer - tropic level

A

(first trophic level) –
an organism that can make its own food.

93
Q

Primary consumers - tropic level

A

(second trophic level) –
herbivores

94
Q

Secondary consumers - tropic level

A

(third trophic level) –
omnivores/small carnivores

95
Q

Tertiary consumers - tropic level

A

(fourth trophic level) –
larger carnivores

96
Q

Scavengers - tropic level

A

(any level) –
feeds on the remains of other organisms

97
Q

food chains do not really exist in nature. The real relationships between species are always much more complex.

A

TRUE

98
Q

A more accurate way to show these relationships is with a ___________ which shows a series of interconnecting food chains in a community

A

food web

99
Q

Ecological Pyramids

A

Show the relationships between the trophic levels in ecosystems (the amount of energy, numbers or biomass)

100
Q

The atmosphere contains over _____

A

80% nitrogen

101
Q

gaia hypothesis

A

proposes that earth behaveslike a living organism

102
Q

sustainability

A

ability to maintain ecological balance

103
Q

sustainable ecosystem

A

an ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes

104
Q

in northern ontario economy is based off of..

A

agriculture & manufacturing

105
Q

Ammonification

A

Nh3

Science 9 EXAM REVIEW (4 decks)

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