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Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 spheres

A

Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere

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2
Q

What is the atmosphere made up of

A

Gases:

  • 78% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen gases
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3
Q

What does the atmosphere do?

A

Moderate surface temperature

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4
Q

What is the lithosphere made of?

A

Rocks and minerals

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5
Q

How thick is the lithosphere

A

50-150km thick

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6
Q

What is the hydrosphere made of

A

All of earths water

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7
Q

What is the biosphere

A

The zone around earth where life can exist

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8
Q

What does bio mean

A

Bio means life

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9
Q

What do all living things need

A

Space, water, and nutrients

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10
Q

What is ecology

A

The study of relationships between living organisms and their environment

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11
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Any area where living organisms interact with each other and their non living surroundings

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12
Q

What are the two types of ecosystems

A

Aquatic and terrestrial

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13
Q

What are two components that make up an ecosystem

A

Biotic (living) & abiotic (non-living)

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14
Q

What does biotic components consist of

A

Producers and consumers

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15
Q

What do abiotic components consist of

A

Air, temperature, water, minerals in soil, humidity

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16
Q

Where does all the energy in an ecosystem come from?

A

The sun

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17
Q

What is sun energy called?

A

Radiant energy

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18
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy

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19
Q

What organisms preform photosynthesis

A

Only producers

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20
Q

What is the photosynthesis chemical reaction equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water > (then using energy from the sun) >glucose +oxygen

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21
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which sugar is converted into carbon dioxide, water releasing useable energy

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22
Q

Chemical reaction equation of cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide +water + energy

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23
Q

What relationship do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration have?

A

They are complimentary (opposite)

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24
Q

What 3 things does photosynthesis do?

A
  • gives oxygen
  • energy for consumers
  • gets rid of carbon dioxide
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25
Q

What substances are used during photosynthesis?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
  • light energy
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26
Q

What does 2 things does cellular respiration do?

A
  • puts CO2 back in the atmosphere

- gives all living things energy

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27
Q

What 2 types of living things use cellular respiration?

A
  • autotrophs

- heterotrophs

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28
Q

What is an autotroph

A

A producer

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29
Q

What is a heterotroph

A

A consumer

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30
Q

Examples of producers

A
  • Plants
  • Algae
  • Some types of bacteria
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31
Q

What do primary consumers eat?

A

They only eat producers, they are herbivores

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32
Q

What do secondary consumers eat?

A
  • They eat primary consumers and producers

- They are omnivores and carnivores

33
Q

What are the two types of decomposes?

A

Scavengers and saprovores

34
Q

What does a food chain show

A

one specific feeding pattern

35
Q

What does a good web show

A

All the different possible interactions of each organism

36
Q

How much energy is passed between tropic levels

A

Only 10% of energy is transferred between tropic levels

37
Q

What do limiting facts control

A

Limiting factors control population

38
Q

Why are decomposers important

A

The help bring nutrients back to the environment

39
Q

How do saprovores break down dead remains

A

Break them down chemically

Ex: bacteria, fungus

40
Q

How do scavengers break down dead remains

A

Break them down physically

Ex: vultures, crows, hyenas

41
Q

What is a tertiary consumer

A

An animal at the top of the food chain

42
Q

What do tertiary consumers eat

A

Secondary consumers

43
Q

What are 7 abiotic limiting factors

A
  • temperature
  • water availability
  • nutrient availability
  • acidity of water
  • salinity (saltiness of water)
  • oxygen availability
  • natural disaster
44
Q

What are 6 biotic limiting factors

A
  • predation
  • competition
  • disease
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
45
Q

What does mutualism mean

A

Two individuals helping eachother

46
Q

What does density dependent mean

A

Only Affect the population when it reaches a certain density, the greater the population the greater the effect of the limiting factor

47
Q

What does density independent mean

A

Affects the population no matter the population density

48
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support

49
Q

What determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem

A

Limiting factors

50
Q

What is a non limiting factors that could effect carrying capacity

A

Natural disaster

51
Q

What are invasive species

A

Species found outside their native range who got there with the help of humans

52
Q

What are 4 things invasive species can do

A
  • change ecosystems
  • crowd or replace native species
  • decrease biodiversity
  • damage human activities (ex: agriculture)
53
Q

4 ways invasive species get there

A
  • accidentally transport (ex: produce over border)
  • intentional introduction
  • landscaping
  • escape/ release
54
Q

3 ways to control invasive species

A
  • chemical control using pesticides
  • mechanical control (ex: trapping)
  • biological control introducing new species to be their predator
55
Q

What are the 5 species at risk categories?

A
  • special concern
  • threatened
  • endangered
  • extirpated
  • extinct
56
Q

What does extirpated mean

A
  • No longer exist in the wild

- only lives in captivity

57
Q

What does endangered mean

A

-in danger of becoming extinct or extirpated

58
Q

What does threatened mean

A

-likely to becoming endangered if no action is taken

59
Q

What does special concern mean

A

-may become threatened because to various factors

60
Q

What does biodiversity mean

A

A number of different species

61
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of species jn an area

62
Q

What are the 4 Canadian biomes

A
  • Grasslands
  • Deciduous forest
  • Tundra
  • Boreal forest (Taiga)
63
Q

Examples of Human destruction

A
  • dredging
  • replacing natural vegetation along waterfront
  • sediment runoff
  • commercial fishing
  • urban expansion
  • deforestation
64
Q

5 factors that improve sustainability of habitats

A
  • large areas
  • one area
  • connectedness
  • proximity
  • away from humans (integrity)
65
Q

Two types of aquatic biomes

A

Oligotrophic and Eutrophic

66
Q

What does oligotrophic mean

A
  • deep
  • cold
  • nutrient poor
67
Q

What does Eutrophic mean

A
  • shallow
  • warm
  • nutrient rich
  • low oxygen
68
Q

What is ecological succession

A

Diversity and how the ecosystem changes, develops, and functions over time

69
Q

What is primary succession

A
  • A brand new ecosystem
  • no soil
  • Moss and lichen break down rock to make soil
  • pioneer species
70
Q

What is secondary succession

A
  • previously had ecological succession

- already soil

71
Q

What are the three types of ecological pyramids

A
  • Energy
  • biomass
  • numbers
72
Q

What does water help with

A

Temperature regulation

73
Q

What’s the water cycle called

A

The hydrologic cycle

74
Q

What 4 elements make up 95% of the body in most organisms

A
  • carbon
  • water
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
75
Q

What are the cycles called

A

Biogeochemical cycles

76
Q

Where are 4 main carbon reservoirs

A
  • atmosphere
  • ocean
  • land
  • underground
77
Q

Where does CO2 in the atmosphere come from?

A
  • volcanic activity
  • human activity
  • cellular respiration
  • decomposition
78
Q

What do nitrogen in the soil that use nitrogen turn into?

What is the process called

A

Ammonia (nitrogen fixation)

79
Q

What happens in the process of dentrification

A

Nitrates & nitrites —> nitrogen gas

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