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Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 spheres

A

Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere

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2
Q

What is the atmosphere made up of

A

Gases:

  • 78% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen gases
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3
Q

What does the atmosphere do?

A

Moderate surface temperature

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4
Q

What is the lithosphere made of?

A

Rocks and minerals

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5
Q

How thick is the lithosphere

A

50-150km thick

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6
Q

What is the hydrosphere made of

A

All of earths water

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7
Q

What is the biosphere

A

The zone around earth where life can exist

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8
Q

What does bio mean

A

Bio means life

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9
Q

What do all living things need

A

Space, water, and nutrients

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10
Q

What is ecology

A

The study of relationships between living organisms and their environment

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11
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Any area where living organisms interact with each other and their non living surroundings

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12
Q

What are the two types of ecosystems

A

Aquatic and terrestrial

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13
Q

What are two components that make up an ecosystem

A

Biotic (living) & abiotic (non-living)

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14
Q

What does biotic components consist of

A

Producers and consumers

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15
Q

What do abiotic components consist of

A

Air, temperature, water, minerals in soil, humidity

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16
Q

Where does all the energy in an ecosystem come from?

A

The sun

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17
Q

What is sun energy called?

A

Radiant energy

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18
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy

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19
Q

What organisms preform photosynthesis

A

Only producers

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20
Q

What is the photosynthesis chemical reaction equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water > (then using energy from the sun) >glucose +oxygen

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21
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which sugar is converted into carbon dioxide, water releasing useable energy

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22
Q

Chemical reaction equation of cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide +water + energy

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23
Q

What relationship do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration have?

A

They are complimentary (opposite)

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24
Q

What 3 things does photosynthesis do?

A
  • gives oxygen
  • energy for consumers
  • gets rid of carbon dioxide
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25
What substances are used during photosynthesis?
- carbon dioxide - water - light energy
26
What does 2 things does cellular respiration do?
- puts CO2 back in the atmosphere | - gives all living things energy
27
What 2 types of living things use cellular respiration?
- autotrophs | - heterotrophs
28
What is an autotroph
A producer
29
What is a heterotroph
A consumer
30
Examples of producers
- Plants - Algae - Some types of bacteria
31
What do primary consumers eat?
They only eat producers, they are herbivores
32
What do secondary consumers eat?
- They eat primary consumers and producers | - They are omnivores and carnivores
33
What are the two types of decomposes?
Scavengers and saprovores
34
What does a food chain show
one specific feeding pattern
35
What does a good web show
All the different possible interactions of each organism
36
How much energy is passed between tropic levels
Only 10% of energy is transferred between tropic levels
37
What do limiting facts control
Limiting factors control population
38
Why are decomposers important
The help bring nutrients back to the environment
39
How do saprovores break down dead remains
Break them down chemically | Ex: bacteria, fungus
40
How do scavengers break down dead remains
Break them down physically | Ex: vultures, crows, hyenas
41
What is a tertiary consumer
An animal at the top of the food chain
42
What do tertiary consumers eat
Secondary consumers
43
What are 7 abiotic limiting factors
- temperature - water availability - nutrient availability - acidity of water - salinity (saltiness of water) - oxygen availability - natural disaster
44
What are 6 biotic limiting factors
- predation - competition - disease - parasitism - mutualism - commensalism
45
What does mutualism mean
Two individuals helping eachother
46
What does density dependent mean
Only Affect the population when it reaches a certain density, the greater the population the greater the effect of the limiting factor
47
What does density independent mean
Affects the population no matter the population density
48
What is carrying capacity
The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support
49
What determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem
Limiting factors
50
What is a non limiting factors that could effect carrying capacity
Natural disaster
51
What are invasive species
Species found outside their native range who got there with the help of humans
52
What are 4 things invasive species can do
- change ecosystems - crowd or replace native species - decrease biodiversity - damage human activities (ex: agriculture)
53
4 ways invasive species get there
- accidentally transport (ex: produce over border) - intentional introduction - landscaping - escape/ release
54
3 ways to control invasive species
- chemical control using pesticides - mechanical control (ex: trapping) - biological control introducing new species to be their predator
55
What are the 5 species at risk categories?
- special concern - threatened - endangered - extirpated - extinct
56
What does extirpated mean
- No longer exist in the wild | - only lives in captivity
57
What does endangered mean
-in danger of becoming extinct or extirpated
58
What does threatened mean
-likely to becoming endangered if no action is taken
59
What does special concern mean
-may become threatened because to various factors
60
What does biodiversity mean
A number of different species
61
What is species richness
The number of species jn an area
62
What are the 4 Canadian biomes
- Grasslands - Deciduous forest - Tundra - Boreal forest (Taiga)
63
Examples of Human destruction
- dredging - replacing natural vegetation along waterfront - sediment runoff - commercial fishing - urban expansion - deforestation
64
5 factors that improve sustainability of habitats
- large areas - one area - connectedness - proximity - away from humans (integrity)
65
Two types of aquatic biomes
Oligotrophic and Eutrophic
66
What does oligotrophic mean
- deep - cold - nutrient poor
67
What does Eutrophic mean
- shallow - warm - nutrient rich - low oxygen
68
What is ecological succession
Diversity and how the ecosystem changes, develops, and functions over time
69
What is primary succession
- A brand new ecosystem - no soil - Moss and lichen break down rock to make soil - pioneer species
70
What is secondary succession
- previously had ecological succession | - already soil
71
What are the three types of ecological pyramids
- Energy - biomass - numbers
72
What does water help with
Temperature regulation
73
What’s the water cycle called
The hydrologic cycle
74
What 4 elements make up 95% of the body in most organisms
- carbon - water - hydrogen - nitrogen
75
What are the cycles called
Biogeochemical cycles
76
Where are 4 main carbon reservoirs
- atmosphere - ocean - land - underground
77
Where does CO2 in the atmosphere come from?
- volcanic activity - human activity - cellular respiration - decomposition
78
What do nitrogen in the soil that use nitrogen turn into? What is the process called
Ammonia (nitrogen fixation)
79
What happens in the process of dentrification
Nitrates & nitrites —> nitrogen gas

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