eco exam 1

Question 1

what are the 5 levels of ecological system

Answer 1

organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere

Question 2

what the general subdivision of ecology

Answer 2

animal and plant ecology

Question 3

what are the subdivision of ecology based on the organism and habitat?

Answer 3

synecology and autecology

Question 4

what are the branches of ecology?

Answer 4

terrestrial
aquatic
microbial
system
taxonomic
evolutionary
population
behavioral
conservation
applied

Question 5

what are the 6 principles in ecology

Answer 5

-protection of species and conserve genetic diversity.
-maintain habitat species is fundamental to conserving species
-large areas contain more species than smaller area
- all things are connected
-disturbance shape the characteristics of population, community and ecosystem
- climate influence terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystem.

Question 6

4 laws of ecology

Answer 6

EENT
1. everything is connect to everything else.
2. everything must go somewhere.
3. nature knows best
4. there is no such thing as free lunch.

Question 7

anything that constrains a population size and slows or stop it from growing

Answer 7

limiting factor

Question 8

define the 2 types of limiting factor

Answer 8

1. density dependent limiting factor- dependent on the population size of species.
   example is food, prediation, mates.
2. density independent factor- factors that affect the population growth ( natural disaster, wind,water, soil)

Question 9

types of organism based on their metabolic pathway

Answer 9

autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 10

what is the difference of food chain and food web

Answer 10

food chain is how energy flow from producer to consumer while the food web is all the food chain in the ecosystem

Question 11

what is energy flow

Answer 11

sun- main source of energy in biosphere in form of radiation
energy- metabolism of living organism, growth and reproduction

Question 12

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Question 13

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

energy transformation is not 100% efficient

Question 14

process in which
organisms diversify rapidly
from an ancestral species into
a multitude of new forms.

Answer 14

Adaptive Radiation

Question 15

what are the Mechanisms of
Evolutionary Change

Answer 15

natural selection and genetic drift

Question 16

differ the mechanism of evolutionary change

Answer 16

natural selection is favourable
genetic traits are naturally
selected to reproduce. while the genetic is traits in a
population change purely
by chance.

Question 17

what are the types of natural selection?

Answer 17

stabilizing
diversifying
directional

Question 18

what are the two type of genetic drift

Answer 18

founders drift
bottleneck drift

Question 19

what are the terminologies?

Answer 19

habitat
endemic species
keystone species

Question 20

define terminologies

Answer 20

habitat- place where organism naturally occur.
endemic species- restricted to a particular area
keystone species- have extremely high impact on ecosystem

Question 21

what are the species concept?

Answer 21

biological
cohesion
evolutionary
morphological
phylogenetic
recognition
cladistics
ecological

Question 22

types of speciation

Answer 22

allopatric and sympatric

Question 23

type of barrier to gene flow

Answer 23

prezygotic barrier
postzygotic barrier

Question 24

types of prezygotic barrier

Answer 24

habitat
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
gametic

Question 25

type of postzygotic barrier

Answer 25

reduce hybrid viability
reduce hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown

Question 26

If new species arise due to evolutionary change, what is the fate of the species
that cannot cope with the changing environment?

Answer 26

extinction it is the fate of a species

Question 27

great extinctions shared some
important commonalities:

Answer 27

1. They caused a catastrophic loss of global biodiversity.
2. They unfolded rapidly
3. Taxonomically, their impact was not random
4. The survivors were often not previously dominant
   evolutionary groups.

Question 28

Drivers of Extinction

Answer 28

Natural and Extra-terrestrial causes
deforestation
exploitation
diseases
pollution
invasive species
climate change