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ASH BUS 303 / assignmentclick.com > ECO 450 STAYER ENTIRE COURSE,ECO 450 STAYER ENTIRE CLASS,ECO 450 STAYER TUTORIAL,ECO 450 STAYER ASSIGNMENT > Flashcards

ECO 450 STAYER ENTIRE COURSE,ECO 450 STAYER ENTIRE CLASS,ECO 450 STAYER TUTORIAL,ECO 450 STAYER ASSIGNMENT Flashcards

1
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Entire Course And Final Exam

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ECO 450 Week 2 Quiz 1 Ch. 1
ECO 450 Week 3 Quiz 2 Ch. 2 and 3
ECO 450 Week 4 Assignment 1 Social Security Insolvency
ECO 450 Week 4 Quiz 3 Ch. 4 and 5
ECO 450 Week 5 Midterm Exam
ECO 450 Week 6 Quiz 4 Ch. 8 and 9
ECO 450 Week 7 Quiz 5 Ch. 10
ECO 450 Week 8 Assignment 2 The Value-Added Tax Is It Good for the United States
ECO 450 Week 8 Quiz 6 Ch. 11 and 12
ECO 450 Week 9 Quiz 7 Ch. 13 and 14
ECO 450 Week 10 Quiz 8 Ch. 15 and 16
ECO 450 Week 11 Final Exam
A

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Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 2 Quiz 1 Ch. 1

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  1. On average, persons in the United States devote more of their annual budgets to taxes than they do to food.
  2. A universally observed function of government is the establishment of property rights.
  3. The total share of GDP accounted for by government spending in the United States has declined significantly since 1980.
  4. In 1929, the federal government spent more than was spent by state and local governments.
  5. Since 1930, the percent of GDP devoted to government expenditures has more than tripled.
  6. The costs imposed by government regulations on business firms are included in budget data on government expenditures.
  7. Government consumption does not require resources to be reallocated from private to government use.
  8. Since 1959, the percent of federal government expenditures devoted to transfers has increased by more than 50 percent.
  9. Transfer payments, including Social Security and welfare and medical assistance, account for nearly 60 percent of federal government expenditures.
  10. Interest on the federal government’s debt accounts for about 20 percent of federal government expenditure.
  11. Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments finance about 20 percent of annual spending by these governments.
  12. The federal government allocates about 10 percent of its budget to Social Security.
  13. State and local governments in the United States spend a bit more than one-third of their budgets on education.
  14. Sales taxes account for about 22 percent of state and local government revenue in the United States.
  15. The federal government obtains about half of its revenue annually from retail sales taxes.
  16. State governments do not fund any part of Medicaid.
  17. The social compact is an 18th century idea by political theorists.
  18. The proportion of revenue received by the federal government from payroll taxes is higher than the proportion of revenue received by state and local governments from payroll taxes.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. The real cost of government goods and services is:
    a. money.
    b. taxes.
    c. the private goods and services foregone.
    d. inflation.
A

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3
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 3 Quiz 2 Ch. 2 and 3

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  1. The normative approach to public finance prescribes certain actions to achieve predetermined criteria.
  2. Positive economic analysis is based on underlying value judgments.
  3. “The government should abolish tariffs to achieve efficiency” is a normative statement.
  4. It is possible for efficiency not to be attained even if all production is carried on without waste.
  5. Efficiency is attained when resources are used each year in such a way that no further net gain is possible.
  6. The efficient annual output of any given good is attained if that good is made available in amounts up to the point at which the total social benefit of the good equals the total social cost.
  7. If the marginal social benefit of smoke detectors exceeds its marginal social cost, then additional net gains are possible from an increased annual smoke detector production.
  8. Monopoly power causes losses in efficiency because the marginal social benefit of output exceeds its marginal social cost at the monopoly output.
  9. Government regulations that require airlines to serve routes for which the maximum price that pas¬sengers are willing to pay for a trip fall short of the minimum price that sellers are willing to accept are likely to cause losses in efficiency.
  10. Points lying below a utility possibility curve are efficient.
  11. Government programs can achieve efficiency when the gains to gainers from those policies exceed the losses to those who bear the costs.
  12. If the marginal social cost of beer production exceeds its marginal social benefit, then more than the efficient about of beer is being produced.
  13. Efficient outcomes are often viewed as inequitable.
  14. If it is not possible to make someone better off without harming another, then resource allocation is efficient.
  15. Compensation criteria are used to argue that changes in resource allocation should be made if the gains to some groups outweigh the losses to others, even though compensation for losses is not actually made.
  16. All points on a utility possibility curve are efficient but differ in terms of the distribution of well-being.
  17. A tax on a product shifts the demand curve.
  18. A government subsidized price for a commodity that is higher than the market driven price results in oversupply relative to the efficient allocation.
  19. When comparing the allocation of two goods relative to two consumers with individual utility functions, multiple points of Pareto efficiency can exist.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  20. Positive economics:
    a. makes recommendations designed to achieve certain goals.
    b. establishes cause-and-effect relationships between economic variables.
    c. is based on value judgments.
    d. can never be used to make predictions.
  21. If the efficient output of a good is produced each week, then the:
    a. marginal social benefit of the good equals its marginal social cost each week.
    b. marginal social benefit of the good is at a maximum.
    c. total social benefit of the good is at a maximum.
    d. total social benefit of the good equals its total social cost.
  22. If the marginal social benefit of a good exceeds the marginal social cost at the current monthly output, then:
    a. it will be possible to make buyers of the good better off without harming sellers of the good.
    b. it will be possible to make sellers of the good better off without harming buyers of the good.
    c. either (a) or (b)
    d. a reduction in monthly output will be required for efficiency.
  23. The marginal social cost of bread exceeds the marginal social benefit at the current weekly output. Therefore,
    a. the marginal net benefit of bread is positive.
    b. the output of bread is efficient.
    c. a reduction in weekly output of bread is necessary to achieve efficiency.
    d. an increase in weekly output of bread is necessary to achieve efficiency.
  24. The total social benefit of automobiles equals the total social cost at current annual output. Then it follows that:
    a. the annual output of automobiles is efficient.
    b. the annual output of automobiles exceeds the efficient amount.
    c. less than the efficient annual output of automobiles is produced.
    d. it is not possible to make buyers of automobiles better off without harming sellers.
    e. both (a) and (d)
  25. Eggs are sold in a perfectly competitive market. No persons other than the buyers and sellers of eggs are affected in any way when eggs are traded in the market. Then it follows that:
    a. the price of eggs equals the marginal social cost of eggs.
    b. the price of eggs equals the marginal social benefit of eggs.
    c. the price of eggs exceeds the marginal social benefit of eggs.
    d. both (a) and (b)
  26. Diamonds are sold by a monopoly firm that maximizes profits. Then it follows that:
    a. the marginal social benefit of diamonds exceeds its marginal social cost.
    b. the marginal social cost of diamonds excee
A

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4
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 4 Assignment 1 Social Security Insolvency

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ECO 450 Week 4 Assignment 1 Social Security Insolvency

A

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5
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 4 Quiz 3 Ch 4 and 5

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  1. Bread is an example of a good that is nonrival in consumption.
  2. A pure public good is one for which it is easy to exclude consumers from benefits if they refuse to pay.
  3. The marginal social cost of producing another unit of a pure public good will always be positive.
  4. To obtain a demand curve for a pure public good, the marginal benefit of each consumer must be summed for each possible quantity produced per time period.
  5. If the efficient amount of a pure public good is produced, each person consumes it up to the point at which his or her marginal benefit equals the marginal social cost of the good.
  6. In a Lindahl equilibrium, each consumer of a pure public good consumes the same quantity and pays a tax share per unit of the good equal to his or her marginal benefit.
  7. If the marginal social cost of a pure public good exceeds its marginal social benefit, additional units of the good can still be financed by voluntary contributions.
  8. The free-rider problem is less acute in small groups than it is in large groups.
  9. A congestible public good is one for which the marginal cost of allowing an additional consumer to enjoy the benefits of a given quantity is always zero.
  10. Television programming is a good example of a price-excludable public good.
  11. It is possible to price a pure public good and sell it by the unit.
  12. The demand curve for a pure public good is obtained by adding the quantities demanded by each individual consumer at each possible price.
  13. A Lindahl equilibrium usually has each participant paying the same tax share per unit of a public good even though their marginal benefit of that unit varies.
  14. Internet service is an example of a price-excludable public good.
  15. Clubs are a means of providing congestible public goods through markets.
  16. A common way to fund a public good is through a government that raises funds through taxation.
  17. Private education is an example of a price-excludable public good.
  18. A congestible good has no limits in how much it can be consumed.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. A pure public good is:
    a. one that can easily be sold by the unit.
    b. one that is nonrival in consumption.
    c. one whose benefits are not subject to exclusion.
    d. both (b) and (c)
  20. The marginal cost of providing a certain quantity of a pure public good to an additional consumer after it is provided to any one consumer is:
    a. zero.
    b. positive and increasing.
    c. positive and decreasing.
    d. positive and constant.
  21. The nonrival property of pure public goods implies that the:
    a. benefits enjoyed by existing consumers decline as more consumers enjoy a given quantity of the good.
    b. benefits enjoyed by existing consumers are unaffected as more consumers enjoy a given quan¬tity of the good.
    c. good cannot be priced.
    d. marginal cost of producing the good is zero.
  22. The demand curve for a pure public good is:
    a. a horizontal line.
    b. obtained by adding the quantities individual consumers would purchase at each possible price.
    c. obtained by adding the marginal benefit obtained by each consumer at each possible quantity.
    d. the marginal cost curve for the pure public good.
  23. The efficient output of a pure public good is achieved at the point at which:
    a. the marginal benefit obtained by each consumer equals the marginal social cost of producing the good.
    b. the sum of the marginal benefits of all consumers equals the marginal social cost of producing the good.
    c. the marginal benefit of each consumer equals zero.
    d. the marginal social cost of producing the good is zero.
    e. both (c) and (d)
  24. The monthly rental rate for a satellite dish antenna is $200. The maximum marginal benefit that any resident of a condominium community will obtain per month from the antenna is $50. There are 100 residents in the community, none of whom values the antenna at less than $25 per month. Assuming that the antenna is a pure public good for residents of the community,
    a. each resident of the community will rent his own antenna.
    b. it is inefficient for the community to rent an antenna.
    c. it is efficient for the members of the community to rent an antenna for their common use.
    d. it is efficient for each resident to rent his own antenna.
  25. In a Lindahl equilibrium,
    a. each consumer purchases a pure public good up to the point at which his or her marginal bene¬fit equals the marginal social cost of the good.
    b. each person pays a tax per unit of the pure public good equal to his or her marginal benefit.
    c. the sum of the marginal benefits of all consumers equals the marginal social cost of the good.
    d. both (a) and (c)
    e. both (b) and (c)
A

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6
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 5 Midterm Exam

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Many Other Questions are also Included

  1. On average, persons in the United States devote more of their annual budgets to taxes than they do to food.
  2. A universally observed function of government is the establishment of property rights.
  3. The total share of GDP accounted for by government spending in the United States has declined significantly since 1980.
  4. In 1929, the federal government spent more than was spent by state and local governments.
  5. Since 1930, the percent of GDP devoted to government expenditures has more than tripled.
  6. The costs imposed by government regulations on business firms are included in budget data on government expenditures.
  7. Government consumption does not require resources to be reallocated from private to government use.
  8. Since 1959, the percent of federal government expenditures devoted to transfers has increased by more than 50 percent.
  9. Transfer payments, including Social Security and welfare and medical assistance, account for nearly 60 percent of federal government expenditures.
  10. Interest on the federal government’s debt accounts for about 20 percent of federal government expenditure.
  11. Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments finance about 20 percent of annual spending by these governments.
  12. The federal government allocates about 10 percent of its budget to Social Security.
  13. State and local governments in the United States spend a bit more than one-third of their budgets on education.
  14. Sales taxes account for about 22 percent of state and local government revenue in the United States.
  15. The federal government obtains about half of its revenue annually from retail sales taxes.
  16. State governments do not fund any part of Medicaid.
  17. The social compact is an 18th century idea by political theorists.
  18. The proportion of revenue received by the federal government from payroll taxes is higher than the proportion of revenue received by state and local governments from payroll taxes.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. The real cost of government goods and services is:
    a. money.
    b. taxes.
    c. the private goods and services foregone.
    d. inflation.
  20. If the economy is currently operating on a point on the production possibility curve for government goods and services versus private goods and services,
    a. an annual increase in government goods and services can be obtained without any sacrifice of annual private goods and services.
    b. it will be impossible to increase annual output of government goods and services.
    c. a decrease in the annual output of government goods and services will have no effect on the annual output of private goods and services.
    d. a decrease in the annual output of government goods and services will allow an increase in annual output of private goods and services.
  21. Government goods and services are usually:
    a. not rationed by prices.
    b. sold in markets.
    c. made available to persons according to their willingness and ability to pay.
    d. financed by revenue obtained from sales.
  22. Taxes:
    a. are prices paid for the right to consume government goods and services.
    b. are compulsory payments not directly related to the benefits received from government goods and services.
    c. never affect economic incentives.
    d. are used by private firms to raise revenue.
  23. A mixed economy is one in which:
A

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7
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 6 Quiz 4 Ch 8 and 9

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  1. The Social Security pension system is a fully funded retirement plan.
  2. Social Security pension benefits are transfers from workers to retirees.
  3. Social Security pensions are financed by voluntary contributions by workers.
  4. The gross replacement rate measures the ratio of taxes paid per year by workers to their annual Social Security pension when they retire.
  5. In the year prior to retirement, a worker earned $20,000 and paid $5,000 in taxes on those earnings. His annual Social Security pension is $10,000 per year. Then it follows that his net replacement rate is 50 percent.
  6. The gross replacement rate for Social Security pensions is the same for all workers independent of their preretirement earnings.
  7. The annual growth in wages subject to Social Security taxes is 3 percent. Given the payroll tax rate, the growth in funds available to pay pension benefits is also 3 percent.
  8. The asset-substitution effect of Social Security pensions discourages saving.
  9. The availability of Social Security pensions to workers over normal retirement age results in an income effect unfavorable to work but no substitution effect.
  10. The bequest effect of Social Security encourages workers to save less.
  11. The normal retirement age for Social Security old-age pensions is 67 for people born in the United States in 1960 or later.
  12. Workers in the United States can retire under Social Security at age 62 with lower pensions than they would receive at their normal retirement age.
  13. As of 2009, retired workers between the ages of 62 and their normal retirement age were subject to an “earnings test” that reduced their pension by $1 for each $2 of earnings after a certain minimum level of earnings.
  14. Reducing the replacement rate will have no effect on the tax rate necessary to finance pensions under a pay-as-you-go, tax-financed pension system.
  15. Workers who quit their jobs are eligible for unemployment insurance benefits in the United States.
  16. By 2050, the expected percentage of the U.S. population that is considered elderly will be less than 20%.
  17. Social Security was created in 1965.
  18. On average, the elderly are less likely to be poor when compared to the rest of the U.S. population.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. The Social Security retirement system:
    a. is a fully funded pension system.
    b. is a tax-financed system that pays benefits from taxes that are invested to return principal and interest to workers when they retire.
    c. is a tax-financed retirement system that finances pensions by taxing workers each year and transferring the bulk of revenues obtained directly to retirees.
    d. does not use taxes on workers to pay pensions to retirees.
  20. The gross replacement rate:
    a. measures a worker’s monthly retirement benefit divided by monthly earnings before taxes in the year prior to retirement.
    b. measures a worker’s monthly retirement benefit divided by monthly earnings after taxes in the year prior to retirement.
    c. is an increasing function of gross monthly earnings prior to retirement.
    d. is independent of gross monthly earnings prior to retirement.
  21. A worker earns $2,000 per month before taxes. He pays $140 per month payroll tax on those wages. In addition, the income taxes on those wages are $360 per month. On retirement, the worker receives a Social Security pension of $750 per month. Which of the following statements is true?
    a. The worker’s gross replacement rate is 50 percent.
    b. The worker’s net replacement rate is 50 percent.
    c. The worker’s net replacement rate is 38 percent.
    d. The worker’s net replacement rate is 75 percent.
  22. The growth in hourly wages over the past 50 years has averaged about 2 percent per year. How¬ever, the growth in Social Security pensions has far exceeded this 2-percent rate. The growth in tax revenue to finance Social Security benefits in excess of 2 percent per year can be accounted for by:
    a. increases in payroll tax rates.
    b. use of other taxes beside the payroll tax to pay Social Security benefits.
    c. an increase in the number of workers paying Social Security taxes.
    d. either (a) or (b)
    e. either (a) or (c)
  23. Given the structure and level of gross replacement rates and the expected future growth of labor earnings subject to the payroll tax, the tax rates used to tax payrolls were increased in the 1980s because:
    a. the number of retirees per worker will increase.
    b. the number of retirees per worker will decrease.
    c. wages are expected to decline.
    d. the size of the work force is expected to increase.
A

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8
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 7 Quiz 5 Ch 10

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  1. Taxes simultaneously ration and finance government goods and services.
  2. The federal government finances only half of its expenditures with taxes.
  3. The benefit principle argues that the means of financing government goods and services should be linked to the benefits received from those goods and services.
  4. Horizontal equity is achieved when individuals of the same economic capacity pay the same amount of taxes over a given period.
  5. A flat-rate income tax is a proportional tax on an income base.
  6. The marginal tax rate will eventually exceed the average tax rate if the tax rate structure is propor¬tional.
  7. The marginal tax rate for a payroll tax is 7 percent on all wages up to $60,000 per year. The marginal tax rate for wages in excess of $60,000 per year is zero. The payroll tax is therefore a regressive tax.
  8. Tax evasion would be less of a problem if tax rates were lowered.
  9. The user charge for a congestible public good should be zero at all times.
  10. Zero prices for price-excludable government services provide benefits only to the poor.
  11. The gasoline tax is an example of a general tax on consumption.
  12. For a proportional tax, the marginal tax rate is always equal to the average tax rate.
  13. Tax avoidance is an illegal activity in the United States.
  14. An increase in marginal tax rates is likely to increase tax evasion.
  15. Most studies indicate that state-run lotteries are equivalent to a progressive tax on gambling.
  16. Government activity requires the reallocation of resources from government to private use.
  17. A flat income tax (i.e. a fixed amount paid by every taxpayer) is an example of a selective tax.
  18. The average tax rate and marginal tax rate are the same under a progressive tax rate structure.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. According to the benefit principle,
    a. taxes should be distributed according to ability to pay.
    b. user charges are an ideal source of finance for government goods and services.
    c. the progressive income tax represents the ideal way of distributing taxes among citizens.
    d. flat-rate taxes are always the best kind.
  20. If horizontal equity is achieved in taxation,
    a. vertical equity will also be achieved.
    b. individuals of equal economic capacity will pay equal taxes.
    c. a flat-rate tax will be used.
    d. the tax system will not result in losses in efficiency in markets.
  21. The tax base of a payroll tax is:
    a. consumer expenditures.
    b. interest income.
    c. labor income.
    d. both (b) and (c)
  22. A 5-percent retail sales tax on all consumer purchases in a state is imposed. The sales tax is:
    a. a flat-rate tax.
    b. a tax with a regressive rate structure.
    c. levied on an income base.
    d. all of the above
  23. A tax on the value of real estate holdings is a:
    a. selective tax on wealth.
    b. general tax on wealth.
    c. general tax on income.
    d. selective tax on income.
  24. An excise tax is a:
    a. general consumption tax.
    b. selective consumption tax.
    c. general wealth tax.
    d. selective tax on wealth.
A

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9
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 8 Assignment 2 The Value Added Tax Is It Good for the United States

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ECO 450 Week 8 Assignment 2 The Value Added Tax Is It Good for the United States

A

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10
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 8 Quiz 6 Ch 11 and 12

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  1. A lump-sum tax results in both income and substitution effects.
  2. A consumer currently pays $500 a year retail sales taxes. She would be better off if she paid the same amount annually as a lump-sum tax.
  3. Clothing is sold in perfectly competitive markets where no externalities prevail. An excise tax on clothing will result in a market price for clothing that equals the marginal social benefit and mar¬ginal social cost of service.
  4. Assuming that the income effects are negligible and that beer is sold in a competitive market, a 10 cent per can tax on beer that causes a 10,000 can per month decline in sales will result in an excess burden of $1,000 per month.
  5. A tax on land results in an income effect on landlords but no substitution effect. Then it follows that the excess burden of a tax on land will be zero.
  6. The excess burden of a tax on interest income is $5 billion per year. Total interest income per year is $50 billion. The tax currently collects $15 billion in revenue per year. The efficiency-loss ratio of the tax is therefore 0.33.
  7. A payroll tax results in a difference between the gross wages paid by employers and the net wages received by workers.
  8. If the market supply of labor services is perfectly inelastic, a tax on labor income will reduce the net wages received by workers by the full amount of the tax per labor hour.
  9. If a $10 per unit tax is levied on the output of a monopolist, more of that tax will be shifted to con¬sumers than would be the case if the same good were produced by a competitive industry.
  10. A study indicates that taxes in the United States reduce the Gini coefficient for the nation by 10 percent. This implies that taxes make the income distribution more equal.
  11. A lump-sum tax only results in income effects.
  12. An income tax is an example of a price-distorting tax.
  13. The more price-elastic the demand of a taxed item, the lower the excess burden of a tax on the sale of that item.
  14. If the tax on the sale of gasoline is doubled from 20 cents per gallon to 40 cents per gallon, the excess burden of the tax will quadruple.
  15. If the compensated elasticity of supply of labor is zero, then a tax on labor earnings will have zero excess burden.
  16. Lump-sum taxes do not prevent prices from equaling the marginal social cost and benefit of any goods and services.
  17. Lump-sum taxes can vary in amount based on income level.
  18. A lump-sum tax can distort prices and affect consumption behavior.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. A lump-sum tax:
    a. distorts market prices so that they do not simultaneously equal MSB and MSC.
    b. can result in price changes but does not prevent prices from simultaneously being equal to MSB and MSC.
    c. results in substitution effects that change prices.
    d. results in both substitution effects and income effects that change prices.
  20. The current price of compact discs, which are traded in perfectly competitive markets, is $10. A $1 per unit tax is levied on the discs. Annual record sales decline from five million to four million as a result of the tax. Assuming that the income effect of the tax-induced price change is negligible, the excess burden of the tax will be:
    a. $500,000 per year.
    b. $1 million per year.
A

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11
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 9 Quiz 7 Ch 13 and 14

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  1. The actual federal income tax currently taxes all income irrespective of its source or use at the same tax rate.
  2. Comprehensive income excludes unrealized capital gains.
  3. Under a comprehensive income tax, transfer payments received by Social Security recipients would be fully taxable.
  4. Homeowners earn rental income-in-kind from their home that would be taxable under a compre¬hensive income tax.
  5. A comprehensive income tax is a lump-sum tax.
  6. A comprehensive income tax will result in a divergence between gross wages paid by employers and net wages received by workers.
  7. A comprehensive income tax will always reduce work effort by taxpayers.
  8. The substitution effect of a tax-induced decline in wages always leads workers to work less.
  9. The market wage elasticity of labor is zero. If this is the case, the excess burden of a tax on labor income will also be zero.
  10. Points on a compensated labor supply curve are always more elastic than points for corresponding wage levels on a regular labor supply curve.
  11. Comprehensive income is the sum of annual consumption and the change in net worth.
  12. A tax on interest income does not prevent credit market from efficiently allocating resources.
  13. If an individual is subject to a 30-percent income tax, then the net interest on a certificate of deposit yielding 5 percent would be 3.5 percent after taxes.
  14. Because a tax on interest income results in income and substitution effects, it is not possible to pre¬dict the effect it will have on saving.
  15. Most empirical studies indicate that the interest elasticity of supply of savings is close to zero.
  16. Income tax became a permanent fixture in the United States starting in the early nineteenth century.
  17. The Haig-Simons definition of income is different from comprehensive income.
  18. Comprehensive income equals consumption plus the change in net worth.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. Comprehensive income:
    a. is the sum of annual consumption and realized capital gains.
    b. is the sum of annual consumption and changes in net worth.
    c. excludes corporation income.
    d. is the sum of annual consumption and net worth.
  20. A tax on labor income:
    a. results only in an income effect that always decreases hours worked per year.
    b. results in a substitution effect that always decreases hours worked per year.
    c. results in an income effect that increases hours worked per year if leisure is a normal good.
    d. both (a) and (b)
    e. both (b) and (c)
  21. The market supply of labor is perfectly inelastic. Then it follows that:
    a. the substitution effect of wage changes is zero.
    b. the income effect of wage changes is zero.
    c. leisure is a normal good and the income effect of wage changes exactly offsets the substitution effect.
    d. the excess burden of a tax on labor income will be zero.
  22. The compensated labor supply curve:
    a. will always be vertical.
    b. will always be upward sloping.
    c. will always be downward sloping.
    d. reflects both the income and substitution effects of wage changes.
  23. Using a regular labor supply curve instead of a compensated supply curve to calculate the excess burden of a tax on labor income will:
    a. result in an accurate estimate of the excess burden.
    b. overestimate the excess burden.
    c. underestimate the excess burden.
A

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12
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 10 Quiz 8 Ch 15 and 16

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  1. The corporate income tax in the United States is levied only on economic profits.
  2. Imputed interest from retained earnings are not deducted when computing taxable corporate income.
  3. In general, the shorter the depreciation period allowed for tax purposes, the higher the tax burden on corporations.
  4. Accelerated depreciation allows a firm to deduct more than the actual economic depreciation from its income each year.
  5. Inflation causes an understatement of true depreciation cost.
  6. If a corporation maximizes profits, an ad valorem tax on its profits will result in a reduction in output in the short run.
  7. Assuming that the corporate income tax is not shifted to consumers in the short run, the long-run effect will be a reduction in the return to investment in both the corporate and noncorporate sector.
  8. The excess burden of the corporate income tax stems from a misallocation of investment between the corporate and noncorporate sectors when the supply of savings is perfectly inelastic.
  9. When the supply of savings is not perfectly inelastic, the corporate income tax can be shifted to workers.
  10. In the long run the corporate income tax has no effect on the price of products produced by corporations.
  11. The corporate income tax in the United States is levied on the sum of economic and normal profits.
  12. The corporate income tax is levied only on retained earnings with dividends paid out exempt from taxation.
  13. Because the corporate income tax base includes dividends, those dividends are taxed twice if they are also included in the personal income tax base.
  14. Because the opportunity cost of a corporate equity is not tax deductible, the corporate income tax encourages borrowing, which allows interest cost to be deducted from corporate income.
  15. If the corporate income tax is not shifted in the short run, then in the long run it will reduce the return to capital in the corporate sector only.
  16. Depreciation is based on historic cost.
  17. During periods of inflation historic cost overstates replacement cost.
  18. Corporate dividends are paid from post-tax income.
    Multiple Choice Questions
  19. The tax base for the corporate income tax in the United States is:
    a. the sum of normal and economic profits of corporations.
    b. economic profits of corporations.
    c. normal profits of corporations.
    d. retained earnings of corporations.
  20. Accelerated depreciation allows corporations to:
    a. earn more interest on their capital costs.
    b. reduce capital costs to zero.
    c. reduce labor costs.
    d. increase the time period over which assets are depreciated.
  21. If corporations maximize profits, the short-run incidence of a tax on its profits will be borne by:
    a. consumers.
    b. all investors.
    c. corporate shareholders.
    d. workers.
  22. Assuming that corporations maximize profits and investors seek to maximize the return to their investments, the long-run impact of a corporate income tax is to:
    a. reduce the incomes of corporate shareholders only.
A

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13
Q

STAYER ECO 450 Week 11 Final Exam

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(Many other Questions are also Included)
1. The Social Security pension system is a fully funded retirement plan.
2. Social Security pension benefits are transfers from workers to retirees.
3. Social Security pensions are financed by voluntary contributions by workers.
4. The gross replacement rate measures the ratio of taxes paid per year by workers to their annual Social Security pension when they retire.
5. In the year prior to retirement, a worker earned $20,000 and paid $5,000 in taxes on those earnings. His annual Social Security pension is $10,000 per year. Then it follows that his net replacement rate is 50 percent.
6. The gross replacement rate for Social Security pensions is the same for all workers independent of their preretirement earnings.
7. The annual growth in wages subject to Social Security taxes is 3 percent. Given the payroll tax rate, the growth in funds available to pay pension benefits is also 3 percent.
8. The asset-substitution effect of Social Security pensions discourages saving.
9. The availability of Social Security pensions to workers over normal retirement age results in an income effect unfavorable to work but no substitution effect.
10. The bequest effect of Social Security encourages workers to save less.
11. The normal retirement age for Social Security old-age pensions is 67 for people born in the United States in 1960 or later.
12. Workers in the United States can retire under Social Security at age 62 with lower pensions than they would receive at their normal retirement age.
13. As of 2009, retired workers between the ages of 62 and their normal retirement age were subject to an “earnings test” that reduced their pension by $1 for each $2 of earnings after a certain minimum level of earnings.
14. Reducing the replacement rate will have no effect on the tax rate necessary to finance pensions under a pay-as-you-go, tax-financed pension system.
15. Workers who quit their jobs are eligible for unemployment insurance benefits in the United States.
16. By 2050, the expected percentage of the U.S. population that is considered elderly will be less than 20%.
17. Social Security was created in 1965.
18. On average, the elderly are less likely to be poor when compared to the rest of the U.S. population.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The Social Security retirement system:
a. is a fully funded pension system.
b. is a tax-financed system that pays benefits from taxes that are invested to return principal and interest to workers when they retire.
c. is a tax-financed retirement system that finances pensions by taxing workers each year and transferring the bulk of revenues obtained directly to retirees.
d. does not use taxes on workers to pay pensions to retirees.
2. The gross replacement rate:
a. measures a worker’s monthly retirement benefit divided by monthly earnings before taxes in the year prior to retirement.
b. measures a worker’s monthly retirement benefit divided by monthly earnings after taxes in the year prior to retirement.
c. is an increasing function of gross monthly earnings prior to retirement.
d. is independent of gross monthly earnings prior to retirement.
3. A worker earns $2,000 per month before taxes. He pays $140 per month payroll tax on those wages. In addition, the income taxes on those wages are $360 per month. On retirement, the worker receives a Social Security pension of $750 per month. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The worker’s gross replacement rate is 50 percent.
b. The worker’s net replacement rate is 50 percent.
c. The worker’s net replacement rate is 38 percent.
d. The worker’s net replacement rate is 75 percent.
4. The growth in hourly wages over the past 50 years has averaged about 2 percent per year. How¬ever, the growth in Social Security pensions has far exceeded this 2-percent rate. The growth in tax revenue to finance Social Security benefits in excess of 2 percent per year can be accounted for by:
a. increases in payroll tax rates.
b. use of other taxes beside the payroll tax to pay Social Security benefits.
c. an increase in the number of workers paying Social Security taxes.
d. either (a) or (b)
e. either (a) or (c)
5. Given the structure and level of gross replacement rates and the expected future growth of labor earnings subject to the payroll tax, the tax rates used to tax payrolls were increased in the 1980s because:
a. the number of retirees per worker will increase.
b. the number of retirees per worker will decrease.
c. wages are expected to decline.
d. the size of the work force is expected to increase.
6. Which of the following is likely to increase the net federal debt as a share of GDP?
a. a federal budget surplus.

A

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