Echocardiography Flashcards
What are the 4 types of echo?
- M mode
- 2D
- Colour doppler
- Spectral doppler
What is M Mode and what is it useful for?
- single point beam
- change over time of LV diameter
- gives distance time graph
What do he colours of colour flow doppler indicate?
BART
Blue Away Red Towards Transducer
What does spectral doppler show?
velocity/time graph (time x axis)
- use EBC to match up to section of the cardiac cycle
How should echo be performed?
Lie in lateral, transducer underneath (minimal air in underneath lung to impede view)
What happens to stressed dyspnoeic cats?
Cardiac arrest! Bad!
List different echo views and what can be seen with each?
> Right Parasternal Long Axis [RPLA]: 4 chamber
- LA: square, LV: big bullet (bottom of image)
RPLA: LVOT
RPLA: 5 chamber
- aorta seen too
Short axis papillary muscles
- LV should be square
- RV wraps around top (sitting like little sausage hat)
Short axis mitral valve
- fish mouth movement
Short axis LA/aortic valve
- LA comma
- aortic valve central, 3 leaflets look like mercedes sign
Short axis pulmonary artery (more cranial)
- pulmonic and tricuspid valve far apart (cf. mitral and aorta close together)
left apical 4 chamber
- longitudinal but rotated 90deg, upsidedown(?)
- RA = LA size wise
- LV bullet shaped
If the aortic valve is visible, what will not be in the image?
Ventricles (cut too cranially to see these)
How big should the RV wall be in relation to LV?
1/3 LV free wall
What is normal LA:Ao short axis diameter ratio?
< 1.6 (<1.5 in cats)
What size and shape should the LA be in cats?
<1.6cm
square
(will become rounded with pressure if diseased)
What is FS%?
> Fractional shortening = % change in LV diameter = [(LVDd-LVDs)/LVDd]x100
measure of contractility
How is hyperkinetic and hypokinetic fractional shortening defined?
- hyper >55%
- hypo <20%
What colour is turbulent blood flow on colour doppler?
Green
What is a roughly normal PA flow rate?
1-2m/s
