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ECHO Tech Program > ECHO 100 - WEEK ONE > Flashcards

ECHO 100 - WEEK ONE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal cardiac chamber pressure and O2 saturation for the RIGHT VENTRICLE?

A

15-30 mmHg; 1-5 mmHg; 75%

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2
Q

What is the normal cardiac chamber pressure and O2 saturation for the LEFT ATRIUM?

A

5-12 mm Hg; 98%

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3
Q

What is the normal cardiac chamber pressure and O2 saturation for the LEFT VENTRICLE?

A

100-140 mm Hg; 5-12 mmHg; 98%

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4
Q

What chamber or vein of the heart has the lowest O2 saturation?

A

The coronary sinus with 60% oxygen saturation.

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5
Q

What is another term for “anterior” portion of the body?

A

Ventral

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6
Q

What is another term used for the “posterior” portion of the body?

A

Dorsal

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7
Q

List the parasternal long axis view anatomy.

A

Right Ventricle (RV), Right Ventricle Free Wall (RVFW), Interventricular Septum ( IVS), Apex, Left Ventricle (LV)

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8
Q

What is the starting location for the probe when looking for PLAX?

A

Left second intercostal space at the parasternal border with the dot pointing in the direction of the right shoulder.

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9
Q

Recite blood flow through the heart.

A

IVC/SVC - RA -Tricuspid Valve - RV - Pulmonary Valve - Left Pulmonary Artery/Right Pulmonary Artery - LUNGS - Left Pulmonary Vein/Right Pulmonary Vein - LA - Mitral Valve - LV - Aortic Valve - Aorta

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10
Q

What is the normal cardiac chamber pressure and O2 saturation for the RIGHT ATRIUM?

A

1-5 mm Hg; 75%

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11
Q

What does a transthoracic echocardiogram of the heart allow us to study?

A

The anatomy, motion, blood flow through the heart, and adjacent areas

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12
Q

What are three contraindications for a TTE?

A

Combative patient, morbidly obese, and those with interstitial air from chest trauma

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13
Q

Hertz is the unit for . . .

A

Cycles per second

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14
Q

What frequency does cardiac ultrasound use?

A

2–12 MHz

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15
Q

What are the advantages from a clinical perspective for a TTE?

A

Requires minimal staffing, minimal equipment, is portable, and provides immediate information

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16
Q

A transducer converts ______to ________ and _________ back to ________.

A

Converts electrical pulses to sound waves and sound waves back to electrical pulses

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17
Q

What shape does the transducer transmit the ultrasound pulses into the chest in?

A

Shape of a beam

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18
Q

Ultrasound cannot pass through ________ or __________?

A

Bone or air

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19
Q

The ultrasound transducer is placed in _____________on the chest wall in order to obtain ___________________ of the cardiac structures, greater vessels and adjacent areas.

A

Standardize windows, standardized images

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20
Q

TTE cardiac transducers have what range of frequencies?

A

2.0 to 10 MHz

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21
Q

How does the cardiac sonographer control the transducer frequency?

A

By attaching the appropriate transducer to the ultrasound unit

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22
Q

What are two benefits of a low-frequency imaging transducer?

A

Excellent depth penetration, ideal for adult patients

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23
Q

What do we mean when we are talking about resolution?

A

Clarity, precision

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24
Q

What is the trade-off with the low frequency transducer?

A

Decreased resolution

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25
Q

What frequency is the transducer that is utilized most frequently on adult patients?

A

2.0 to 3.5 MHz

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26
Q

When is the 5.0 MHz transducer used?

A

On small adults or when improved resolution is required

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27
Q

What are the benefits of a high frequency imaging transducer?

A

Excellent resolution, ideal for pediatric patients

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28
Q

What is the trade-off for a high-frequency transducer?

A

Decreased depth penetration

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29
Q

What transducer is utilized most frequently on pediatric patient?

A

Transducer with frequency ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 MHz

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30
Q

What frequency transducer can neonates be scanned with?

A

7.2 MHz transducer or higher

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31
Q

How is each standardized view of the heart depicted?

A

By the imaging plane through which it passes

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32
Q

What determines the exact location of each window?

A

The patients physique

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33
Q

List five windows.

A

Left parasternal, left apical, subcostal, suprasternal, right parasternal

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34
Q

What is the transducer location for the left parasternal window?

A

Left sternal border, located at the fourth intercostal space, angled posterior toward the heart

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35
Q

What views do you get with a left parasternal window?

A

Parasternal long axis (LAX LV, LAX RVIT, and LAX RVOT); parasternal short axis (SAX AP, SAX PM, SAX MV, and SAX BASE)

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36
Q

Where is the transducer location for the left apical window?

A

Apex, typically located at the point of maximal impulse (PMI), angled superior and medial toward the heart

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37
Q

What views are seen in the left apical window?

A

Apical 4 chamber (4C), apical 5 chamber (5C), apical 2 chamber (2C), apical 3 chamber (3C)/apical long axis (apical LAX)

38
Q

Where is the transducer location for the subcostal window?

A

Sub xiphoid process, located at the bottom of the sternum, angled superior toward the heart

39
Q

What views do you get with the subcostal window?

A

Sub costal 4 chamber (subcostal 4C), subcostal short axis (subcostal SAX LV and SAX BASE), subcostal inferior vena cava (subcostal IVC), subcostal descending aorta (SUBCOSTAL DAO)

40
Q

What is the transducer location for the suprasternal window?

A

Suprasternal notch, located at the top of the sternum, angled inferior toward the aortic arch

41
Q

What are the views found in the suprasternal window?

A

Suprasternal long axis (SUPRASTERNAL LAX), suprasternal short axis (SUPRASTERNAL SAX)

42
Q

What position is the patient placed in for the right parasternal window?

A

Right lateral decubitus position

43
Q

What is the transducer location for the right parasternal window?

A

Right sternal border, approximately at the fourth intercostal space, angled medial toward the heart

44
Q

What does LAX stand for?

A

Long axis

45
Q

What does LPA stand for?

A

Left pulmonary artery

46
Q

What does RPA stand for?

A

Right pulmonary artery

47
Q

What does SAX stand for?

A

Short axis

48
Q

How does the SAX imaging planes slice the heart?

A

At right angles to the longest axis of the heart

49
Q

What does the SAX imaging planes provide cross-sectional views of?

A

Base (SAX BASE), mid ventricular region (SAX MID), Apex (SAX APEX)

50
Q

What type of views does the SAX imaging planes provide?

A

Cross sectional views

51
Q

How does the LAX imaging planes slice the heart?

A

Parallel to the longest axis of the heart

52
Q

What does the LAX imaging planes provide?

A

Elongated views of the heart

53
Q

What views do you see with the LAX 2C imaging plane?

A

LV, LA

54
Q

What views do you see with the LAX 4C imaging plane?

A

All four chambers

55
Q

What views do you see with the LAX 3C imaging plane?

A

Left heart with the aortic valve and a portion of the right ventricle

56
Q

What are the 2D imaging planes?

A

LAX, SAX

57
Q

What are the standard TTE windows in a frontal view?

A

Suprasternal, right parasternal, left parasternal, subcostal, apical

58
Q

What are the standard TTE windows in a lateral view?

A

Subcostal, parasternal, apical, suprasternal

59
Q

How many echo modalities are there that provide information about the heart?

A

Three

60
Q

List the three Echo modalities that provide information about the heart.

A

2-D echo, M-Mode, and Doppler echocardiography (to include color flow Doppler and spectral Doppler)

61
Q

What does 2-D echo produce?

A

A black-and-white, real time, moving image of the heart and adjacent area

62
Q

What does 2-D echo allow us to do?

A

Visualize the relationship between the heart structures

63
Q

How is the optimal 2-D image produced?

A

When the transducer is perpendicular 90° to the structures being imaged

64
Q

The perpendicular position is considered to be…

A

On axis

65
Q

In a 2-D echo: LAX LV view, what does each dot represent?

A

1 cm

66
Q

The depth and the focus are determined by the…

A

Sonographer

67
Q

In order to be on axis the heart has to be…

A

Perpendicular to the transducer

68
Q

What does off-axis mean?

A

The heart is not perpendicular to the transducer

69
Q

Where do you start to acquire the parasternal long axis of the left ventricle (LAX LV)?

A

In the left parasternal border at approximately the 4th ICS

70
Q

Which chambers are visualized in the parasternal LAX LV?

A

Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium

71
Q

What valves are visualized in the parasternal LAX LV?

A

Aortic and mitral valves

72
Q

What walls are visualized in the LAX LV?

A

Right ventricular free wall, interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall

73
Q

What is the left ventricular posterior wall also known as?

A

Inferolateral wall

74
Q

What vessel is visualized in the long axis?

A

The aortic root and sometimes the ascending aorta

75
Q

What vessels are visualized in the short axis (LAX LV)?

A

Descending aorta and coronary sinus

76
Q

How is the parasternal long axis of the right ventricular inflow track (LAX RVIT) acquired?

A

Angle the transducer more medial and inferior from the LAX LV

77
Q

Which chambers are visualized in the LAX RVIT?

A

Right ventricle, right atrium

78
Q

What valve is visualized in the LAX RVIT?

A

Tricuspid valve

79
Q

How was the parasternal long axis of the right ventricular outflow tract (LAX RVOT) acquired?

A

Angle the transducer more superior and lateral from the LAX LV

80
Q

What chamber or chambers is visualized in the LAX RVOT?

A

Right ventricle

81
Q

What valve or valves is visualized in the LAX RVOT?

A

Pulmonic valve

82
Q

What vessel or vessels is visualize(d) in the long axis LAX RVOT?

A

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary bifurcation

83
Q

How do you acquire the parasternal short axis (SAX) views?

A

rotate the transducer approximately 90° clockwise from the LAX LV and then sweep across the long axis of the heart

84
Q

What short axis or cross-sectional views does the parasternal SAX view provide?

A

SAX AP, SAX PM, SAX MV, SAX BASE

85
Q

What does SAX AP stand for?

A

Short axis apex

86
Q

What does SAX MV stand for?

A

Short exes mitral valve

87
Q

What does SAX PM stand for?

A

Short axis papillary muscles

88
Q

What chambers are visualized in the parasternal short axis (SAX)?

A

RA, RV, LA, LV

89
Q

What valves are visualized in the parasternal short axis (SAX)?

A

Mitral, aortic, Pulmonic, tricuspid

90
Q

What walls are visualized in the parasternal short axis (SAX)?

A

Septal wall, Anteroseptal wall, anterior wall, anterolateral wall, lateral wall, inferolateral wall, inferior wall, and inferoseptal wall

91
Q

What are the views of SAX?

A

SAX AP, SAX PM, SAX MV, SAX BASE

ECHO Tech Program (3 decks)

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