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ECHO Tech Program > Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the 8% of organic substances in plasma consist of?

A

Glucose, lipids, proteins, hormones, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes

(Geese love puddles, humans adore amore, vets-eagles.)

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2
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A
  1. Transport hormones and nutrients.
  2. Maintain homeostasis.
  3. Healing of wounds/clotting.
  4. Fights germs and infection.
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3
Q

Describe the shape of a red blood cell.

A

Biconcave disc

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4
Q

List the six types of anemia.

A
  1. Hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Aplastic anemia
  3. Pernicious anemia
  4. Hypo chromic anemia
  5. Hemolytic anemia
  6. Sickle Cell anemia
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5
Q

What is the red blood cell count for males?

A

5.4 mil/mcL

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6
Q

What is the red blood cell count for females?

A

4.8 mil/mcL

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7
Q

Define hematocrit. (HCT)

A

The percentage of red blood cells in blood.

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8
Q

What is the average hematocrit in males?

A

40 to 50%

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9
Q

What is the hematocrit range in females?

A

35 to 40%

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10
Q

What is the range of hemoglobin found in males?

A

14-18 gm/dl

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11
Q

What is the range of hemoglobin found in females?

A

12-16 gm/dl

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12
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Immune cells in blood, lymph, and organs.

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13
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To protect against infectious disease, inflammation and germs.

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14
Q

List the five types of white blood cells.

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophils
  4. Lymphocyte
  5. Monocyte

BEN Loves Mono

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15
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To promote hemostasis.

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16
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

92% water and 8% organic substances

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17
Q

What are the two circulations of the cardiovascular system?

A

The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

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18
Q

List the four types of blood vessels.

A

Arteries/arterioles, capillaries, veins/venules, lymphatic vessels

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19
Q

What are the four core components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Central nervous system,the heart, the blood vessels and capillaries, blood.

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20
Q

What is the function of blood vessels?

A

Exchange

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21
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pump

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22
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system?

A

Controller

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23
Q

What is the function of the blood?

A

Transportation

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24
Q

What does the controller of the heart (central nervous system), do?

A

It controls heart rate, contractility, and regulates blood vessels

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25
Q

What is contractility?

A

How hard the heart beats.

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26
Q

What critical function does the regulation of blood vessels provide?

A

Maintains blood pressure and ensures that blood flows to the most metabolically active tissues.

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27
Q

What does the pump, ( heart), consist of? What is the function?

A

Four chambers of cardiac muscle. Propels blood to lungs and the rest of the body.

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28
Q

In the exchanger, the blood vessels and capillaries, what is the function?

A

The blood vessels are a conduit for blood flow and the capillaries exchange CO2, nutrients and metabolic products in the tissues of the body.

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29
Q

Outline the pulmonary circulation where it starts and where it ends.

A

Pulmonary circulation starts as deoxygenated blood and leaves out of the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary artery blood goes to the lungs and returns oxygenated to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

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30
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation start and where does it end?

A

It starts in the pulmonary artery and ends at the left atrium.

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31
Q

Does pulmonary circulation carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Deoxygenated

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32
Q

List the path of systemic circulation.

A

Aorta, to systemic arteries, tissues, systemic veins, right atrium

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33
Q

List the pathway of blood flow.

A

The pathway of blood flow is arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

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34
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Squeezing

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35
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relaxation

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36
Q

Describe arteries.

A

Arteries are thick walled, muscular with large amounts of elastin and collagen, stretch and stores blood to allow steady flow, Windkessel function.

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37
Q

Why are arteries thick-walled?

A

Because of high pressure through the arteries.

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38
Q

In reference to arteries, what does compliant mean?

A

Compliant means elasticity or being able to stretch easily

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39
Q

List the three layers of the artery from the inside out. Describe them.

A

In the center is the lumen which is surrounded by a single layer of endothelial cells. This layer is called the tunica intima. The middle layer of the artery is called the Tunica media. And it is a smooth muscle layer full of elastin and collagen. The outer layer is the tunica externa. This layer is mainly collagen.

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40
Q

What happens when arteries become less compliant?

A

Hypertension

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41
Q

Explain the Windkessler effect.

A

Arteries can expand to accept and temporarily store some of the blood ejected by the heart during contraction. Then by passive recoil, supply this blood downstream during relaxation of the heart. Therefore they can act as a reservoir on a beat to beat basis and covert the pulsatile flow of blood from the heart into a steady flow through the smaller vessels

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42
Q

What happens in the arteries when the ventricles contract?

A

The volume in the arteries increase because blood is entering the aorta faster than it is passing into the smaller arterioles.

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43
Q

What happens in regard to the arteries toward the end of ventricular contraction and during relaxation?

A

The previously stretched arterial walls recoil and in the process give up their stored potential energy. This now kinetic energy is what actually does the work of propelling the blood through the peripheral blood vessels during relaxation of the heart.

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44
Q

What blood vessel supplies blood within the individual organs and tissues?

A

The arterioles

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45
Q

What are the arterioles often referred to as?

A

The resistance vessels

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46
Q

Describe the arterioles.

A

Arterioles are smaller and more numerous. They have more smooth muscle for their size. They dilate and constrict where metabolically needed.

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47
Q

What does vasodilation do the blood pressure?

A

Decreases it

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48
Q

What does vasoconstriction do to blood vessels?

A

Increases blood pressure

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49
Q

Blood flows preferentially to areas with what?

A

Low resistance

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50
Q

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in arterioles?

A

Vasoconstriction. Impulses from the sympathetic nervous system within the Tunica media cause smooth muscles to contract.

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51
Q

What is the smallest and most numerous blood vessel type?

A

Capillaries

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52
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles to Venules

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53
Q

What are the two functions of capillaries?

A

Connect arterioles to venules and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and water through their semi permeable membrane. (Filtration and exchange)

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54
Q

How does diffusion work?

A

Higher to lower concentration.

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55
Q

Describe the anatomy of a capillary.

A

Capillary wall consist of a single layer of endothelial cells and contains no smooth muscle so they lack the ability to change their diameters actively. The layer of endothelial cells is semi permeable.

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56
Q

How does the exchange of substances in the capillary typically happen?

A

By diffusion or filtration

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57
Q

How is oxygen and CO2 exchanged across the capillary membrane?

A

By passive diffusion

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58
Q

What end of the capillary does oxygen leave?

A

The arterial end

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59
Q

What end of the capillary does CO2 move from the tissues into the capillary?

A

The Venous end

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60
Q

How do nutrients, waste products, and plasma pass through the capillary membrane?

A

Buy filtration, where they are forced through the membrane by differences in osmotic pressures inside and outside of the capillaries. From higher osmotic to lower.

61
Q

What do the lymphatic vessels carry?

A

A clear fluid called lymph and other particles away from the tissues and back toward the heart

62
Q

Describe lymph vessels.

A

Similar in size and number as the capillaries but much more porous than capillaries. They have Uni directional valves like veins do.

63
Q

Where does lymph travel?

A

Lymph travels from the tissues to the lymph nodes where bacteria in particles are removed, then reenters the circulatory system near the point where the blood reenters the heart at the azygous vein in the neck. they are the sponges of the circulatory system. They mop up fluid that leaks out of the capillaries and return it to the veins.

64
Q

What two veins do not carry deoxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary veins and umbilical vein in fetus

65
Q

What are venules referred to as?

A

Reservoirs

66
Q

Describe venules and veins.

A

Venules and veins are thin walled, low pressure, have a large lumen, they’re very compliant, collapsible, and they store excess volume of blood.

67
Q

How do veins differ from arteries?

A

The total volume of the venous system is much greater than that of the arterial system because there are many more venules then arterials and venules are larger in diameter than arterials. These large diameter’s offer much less resistance to flow then the arterial system. The veins acts as a reservoir holding the blood until it is needed.

68
Q

How do veins get help returning blood to the heart.

A

Because veins are working at low pressure and against gravity below the level of the heart they have Uni directional valve that facilitate the return of blood to the right side of the heart. Skeletal muscle of the Lower extremities also facilitates venous return to the heart. Respirations affect venous return to the heart as well by increasing flow to the right atrium on inspiration.

69
Q

Where are the veins returning blood located that do not have valves?

A

The head and the lungs

70
Q

Are being compliant or noncompliant?

A

Veins and venules are very compliant.

71
Q

See page 14 structural characteristics of the vascular system.

A

Review it

72
Q

What do you lymph vessels help maintain?

A

Fluid balance

73
Q

What is blood a type of?

A

Connective tissue

74
Q

Where are blood cells suspended?

A

In plasma

75
Q

What does blood consist of in a general sense?

A

Blood consist of formed elements and plasma.

76
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

To transport nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste and hormones to body tissues and control body temperature. Fight infection and prevent blood loss.

77
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Temperature, blood pressure, pH

78
Q

Name the four components of blood.

A

Plasma, white blood cells also called leukocytes, red blood cells also called erythrocytes, platelets also called thrombocytes.

79
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

80
Q

What color is plasma?

A

Straw-colored

81
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

82
Q

What are the solid parts of blood? What is the liquid part of blood?

A

The solid parts of blood are the leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes. The liquid part of the blood is plasma.

83
Q

Describe the red blood cell also known as an erythrocyte.

A

Biconcave disc, very flexible -can bend and twist, contains millions of molecules called hemoglobin which combine with oxygen.

84
Q

What is anemia?

A

Anemia is a blood deficiency in which the red cells are reduced in numbers,or are deficient in hemoglobin or both. This causes a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

85
Q

Where are red blood cells and white blood cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

86
Q

Do erythrocytes have nucleus?

A

No

87
Q

Of the blood cells which is the most numerous?

A

Red blood cells

88
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Anemia caused by blood loss

89
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Malfunction of red bone marrow in which red blood cells are not produced; usually caused by injury from radiation or certain chemicals

90
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

A lack of vitamin B 12 causes the formation of abnormally large irregularly shaped thin membrane red blood cells

91
Q

What is hypochromic anemia? What happens in hypochromic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia. Red blood cells are smaller causing a lack of hemoglobin. This is the most common anemia.

92
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Abnormal destruction of red blood cells caused by hereditary defects or adverse drug reactions

93
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Sickle cell anemia is the abnormal structure of hemoglobin causing red blood cells to form a sickle shape

94
Q

What are the three proteins in plasma? What is each proteins function?

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, gamma globulins. Albumin helps maintain osmotic pressure and controls the rate of diffusion. Fibrinogen helps in the clotting process changes from liquid state to a solid state into fibrin. Gamma globulins serve as antigens and provide immunity and fight infections.

95
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To identify pathogens and foreign matter and destroy them then clean them out from the body

96
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Too many white blood cells

97
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Not enough white blood cells

98
Q

What is the normal range of white blood cell count in blood?

A

5000 to 10,000 cells/mcL

99
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils defend against bacterial/fungal infections. They are first responders. They make pus. They are phagocytes.

100
Q

What is the function of the eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils cause allergic reactions

101
Q

Describe basophil and what their function is.

A

They are allergic and antigen responders. They release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate to increase the flow of blood to injured tissue. They are phagocytes. They contain a large concentration of heparin and histamine.

102
Q

What are monocytes involved in?

A

Atherogenesis.

103
Q

Are monocytes phagocytes?

A

Yes

104
Q

Where do monocytes migrate from?

A

The bloodstream

105
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

They recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies. They activate cells that can kill viruses and tumors. They help control the intensity of the immune response.

106
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

140,000 to 440,000 per mm

107
Q

Describe platelets also known as thrombocytes.

A

Thrombocytes are cell fragments with no nucleus. There disc shaped but can change shape. They’re the smallest component of blood. They are the first responders to an injury. They help with clotting – hemostasis.

108
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Thrombocytes function to promote hemostasis, blood clotting for the prevention of blood loss.

109
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Too few platelets

110
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Higher than normal platelets

111
Q

How do platelets function to promote hemostasis?

A

They stick to the wall of injured blood vessels and to each other forming a plug. They produce serotonin that causes vessels to vasoconstrict to aid in the normal process of hemostasis.

112
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To transport nutrients, gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance to maintain pH balance

113
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Low plasma levels, can be caused by dehydration, cancers or smoking.

114
Q

Where are plasma electrolytes obtained?

A

Primarily by absorption from intestinal tract

115
Q

What are the three gases in plasma?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

116
Q

Describe what happens in primary hemostasis.

A

The endothelium gets damaged and the collagen is exposed. Platelets adhere to the damaged area. The platelets become activated; this changes their disc shape to a spike ball. All the receptors on the platelet sites are activated. The platelet secretes serotonin causing the blood vessels to constrict. It also secretes ADP which makes the platelets stickier. Then you have platelet aggregation.

117
Q

What two pathways converge during secondary hemostasis?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

118
Q

What happens during the extrinsic pathway?

A

The damage tissues outside of the blood vessel releases tissue factor to area of damage

119
Q

What happens during the intrinsic pathway during secondary hemostasis?

A

All clotting factors are activated from inside the blood vessel. These clotting factors are vitamin K,calcium and other clotting factors.

120
Q

What drug disables vitamin K?

A

Coumadin

121
Q

What happens when the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge?

A

They activate factor X which is a clotting factor and factor X takes prothrombin and turns it into thrombin. Thrombin causes conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin holds platelets together like a net and collects red blood cells. They all stick together to make a stable clot.

122
Q

What happens when healing occurs to the clot? What is this process called?

A

The clot starts to break down, the fibrin degrades, the clot dissolves. This process is called fibrinolysis.

123
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which dissolves the fibrin clot?

A

Plasmin

124
Q

What do the fibrin threads do during hemostasis?

A

Vibrant red stick to the rough surface of the damaged tissue creating a meshwork. (Thrombin helps fibrinogen split and join ends kwith other molecules to form the long threads of fibrin.)

125
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

The development of a clot. It’s a verb. It is the event of clotting.

126
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

It is a clot.

127
Q

What is an embolus?

A

It is a thrombus or foreign object that is traveling.

128
Q

What is a embolism?

A

It’s a lodged foreign object. It is not traveling.

129
Q

What do you call a clot that has traveled and then lodged?

A

A thromboembolism

130
Q

What are the three factors known as, which predispose a patient to thrombosis?

A

Virchow’striad

131
Q

What are the three factors of Virchow’s triad?

A

Vessel injury, impaired blood flow or stasis in a vessel, hypercoagulability

132
Q

What is thrombocytopenia associated with?

A

Antiplatelet drugs

133
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Hereditary disease where there is a lack of clotting

134
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increase in the number of red blood cells which increases the viscosity of the blood flow through the vessels is decreased

135
Q

What is used to treat an overdose of heparin?

A

Protamine

136
Q

List three medications that effect clotting.

A

Vitamin K, Coumadin, heparin

137
Q

What is vitamin K?

A

A fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the intestines.

138
Q

What can lead to hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency?

A

Reduction of the bacteria with Antibiotics or malabsorption of fats.

139
Q

What counteracts Coumadin?

A

Hi doses of vitamin K

140
Q

What does Coumadin do?

A

Inhibits vitamin K utilization by liver cells, thus inhibiting production of coagulation factors.

141
Q

What is activated partial thromboplastin time also known as APTT?

A

Test for deficiencies in the coagulation mechanism except for factor VII.

142
Q

What is the normal coagulation time for a APTT test?

A

30 to 45 seconds

143
Q

What is partial thromboplastin time also known as the PTT test? What is the normal time for this test?

A

This test is used to detect efficiencies in all clotting factors except factors V I I and X I I I and to detect platelet variations. The normal for this test is 22 to 35 seconds.

144
Q

What is the international normalized ratio, also known as INR?

A

It’s a new way of expressing pro time also known as prothrombin time.
PT ratio = Patient Result divided by mean of normal population range.

145
Q

What is bleeding time test? What is the normal time for this test?

A

Measures the duration of bleeding after receiving a skin incision. The time needed for bleeding to stop after skin incision at a standard venous pressure. The normal is bleeding stops and 6 to 9 minutes.

146
Q

What can the hematocrit be an indication of?

A

The hydration status of the patient.

147
Q

What is the normal hematocrit?

A

37-50

148
Q

What is the normal lab value for hemoglobin?

A

12-17

149
Q

What is the ACT or activated clotting time test a measure of? What is the normal time?

A

It’s a measurement of the amount of time it takes for blood to clot. The normal is 140 seconds or 140+10 seconds.

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