ECGs and Arrhythmias Flashcards
What are the different parts of an ECG?
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex: Q wave, R wave, S wave
ST Segment
T wave
QT interval
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial Depolarisation
What does the PR interval represent?
Time between atrial depolarisation and ventricular depolarisation
AVN delay
What does the Q wave of a normal QRS complex represent?
Depolarisation of the intraventricular septum
What does the R wave of a normal QRS complex represent?
Depolarisation of the ventricle
What does the S wave of a normal QRS complex represent?
Final depolarisation of the ventricles at the base of the heart
What does the ST segment represent?
Time between ventricular depolarisation and Repolarisation?
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular Repolarisation
What does the QT interval represent?
Time for both ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation.
What is the standard calibration of an ECG?
25 mm/s
0.1 mV/mm
What do the boxes on ECG paper represent?
1mm box - 40 msec (0.04 sec)
5mm box - 200 msec (0.2 sec)
25mm box - 1 sec
What are the normal interval times of each wave?
PR: 120 - 200
ST: 270 - 330
QT: 350 - 420
QRS: 80 - 110
How many leads does an ECG have?
A 12-lead ECG records 12 leads, producing 12 separate graphs on a piece of ECG paper.
What are the bipolar leads?
Lead I, II, III
What are the unipolar leads?
Precordial leads (V1 - V6)
aVR, aVL, aVF
Which are the three pacemakers of the heart?
- SA Node: dominant; intrinsic rate of 60-100bpm
- AV Node: back-up pacemaker; intrinsic rate of 40-60bpm
- Ventricular cells: back-up pacemaker; intrinsic rate of 20-45bpm
What is “situs inversus” and how must we adapt an ECG for it?
Situs inversus is a genetic condition in which the organs in the chest and abdomen are positioned in a mirror image from their normal positions
Therefore perform ECG for RHS
What is Rule 1 of the ECG?
PR interval should be 120-200 milliseconds, or, 3-5 little squares
What is Rule 2 of the ECG?
Width of the QRS complex should not exceed 120ms (3 small squares)
What is Rule 3 of the ECG?
QRS complex should be dominantly upright (positive) in Leads I and II
What is Rule 4 of the ECG?
QRS Complex and T wave tend to have the same general direction in the limb leads
i.e. if you have a negative QRS you should get a negative T wave
What is Rule 5 of the ECG?
All waves are negative in aVR
What is Rule 6 of the ECG?
R wave: grows from V1 to V4
S wave: grows from V1 to V3, disappears in V6
What is Rule 7 of the ECG?
ST segment should start isoelectric,
Except in V1 and V2 where it may be elevated