ECGs Flashcards by Motheo Moledi

Q

What are the palcements of the leads?

A

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Q

The 12 leads include:

A

3 standard leads (I,II,III)

3 augmented leads (aVR, aVL, aVF)

6 precordial leads (V1 - V6)

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Q

Views of the heart:

A

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Q

What is the SA node?

A

Dominant pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 60-100 bpm.

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Q

What is the AV node?

A

Back-up pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 40-60 bpm.

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Q

What are ventricular cells?

A

VERY SLOW back-up pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 20-45 bpm.

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Q

What is the route of normal impulse conduction?

A

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Q

What do the boxes on the ECG represent?

A

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Q

Normal ECG wave pattern:

A

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Q

What is the ECG reporting systematic approach?

A

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Q

What are the steps involved in rhythm analysis?

A

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Q

How do you calculate the rate?

A

Count the number of R-waves in a 10-second rhythm strip, then x6.

30 blocks = x10

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Q

What is the peak to peak method?

A

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Q

How do you determine regularity?

A

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Q

How do you assess the P waves?

A

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Q

What is the normal range for a PR interval?

A

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Q

What is a normal QRS duration?

A

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Q

What is an axis?

A

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Q

Normal Axis:

A

-30 to 90

(downwards and leftwards)

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Q

Left Axis:

A

-30 to -90

(upwards and leftwards)

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Q

Right Axis:

A

90 to 180
(downwards and rightwards)

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Q

Extreme Right Axis:

A

90 to 180

(upwards and rightwards)

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Q

Left axis deviation associated with:

A

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Q

Right axis deviation associated with:

A

COPD
Pulmonary hypertension

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Q

How do arrhythmias arise? (4)

A

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Q

Interpretation?

A

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Q

Interpretation?

A

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Q

Interpretation?

A

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Q

What are premature atrial contractions?

A

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Q

Interpretation?

A

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Q

What are premature ventricular contractions?

A

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Q

What is the aetiology of PVCs?

A

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Q

Interpretation?

A

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Q

Explain atrial fibrillation.

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

What is an atrial flutter?

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

What is a PVST?

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

What is the aetiology of ventricular tachycardia?

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

Aetiology of ventricular fibrillation?

A

Q

A

Q

A

Q

Aetiology of 2nd-degree AV block, type 1

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

Aetiology of 2nd-degree AV block, type II

A

Q

Interpretation?

A

Q

Aetiology of 3rd degree AV block

A

Q

Right atrial enlargement

A

Q

Left atrial enlargement

A

Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Q

Right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Q

Are any chambers enlarged?

A

Q

A

Q

What are BBB?

A

Q

RBBB?

A

Q

LBBB?

A

Q

LBBB or RBBB?

A

LBBB

Q

LBBB or RBBB?

A

RBBB

Q

Ischaemia

ECG changes:

A

Q

Injury

ECG changes:

A

Q

Infarct

ECG changes:

A

Q

Acute MI:

A

Q

ECG changes for MI:

A

Q

ST elevation

A

Q

Evolution of ST elevation infarction:

A

Q

Leads: V1-V2

Site:

A

Anteroseptal wall

Q

Leads: V3-V4

Site:

A

Anterior wall

Q

Leads: II,III,aVF

Site:

A

Inferior wall

Q

Leads: V5-V6,I,aVL

Site:

A

Lateral wall

Q

Leads: V1-V2

Site: second location

A

Posterior wall (reciprocal changes)

Q

What is the issue?

A

Q

What is the issue?

A

Q

What is the issue?

A

Q

A

Q

What are the ECG changes seen with a non-ST elevation infarction?

A

Q

ST-segment depression:

A

Q

What are reciprocal changes?

A

Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Normal axis (0 to +90)

A

Positive
Positive

Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Possible left-axis deviation (0 to -90)

A

Positive
Negative

Confirm with lead 2

Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Right axis deviation (+90 to 180)

A

Negative
Positive

Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Extreme axis (-90 to 180)

A

Negative
Negative