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MBBCh 3- Clinical Skills > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the palcements of the leads?

A
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2
Q

The 12 leads include:

A

3 standard leads (I,II,III)

3 augmented leads (aVR, aVL, aVF)

6 precordial leads (V1 - V6)

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3
Q

Views of the heart:

A
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4
Q

What is the SA node?

A

Dominant pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 60-100 bpm.

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5
Q

What is the AV node?

A

Back-up pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 40-60 bpm.

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6
Q

What are ventricular cells?

A

VERY SLOW back-up pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 20-45 bpm.

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7
Q

What is the route of normal impulse conduction?

A
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8
Q

What do the boxes on the ECG represent?

A
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9
Q

Normal ECG wave pattern:

A
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10
Q

What is the ECG reporting systematic approach?

A
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11
Q

What are the steps involved in rhythm analysis?

A
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12
Q

How do you calculate the rate?

A

Count the number of R-waves in a 10-second rhythm strip, then x6.

30 blocks = x10

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13
Q

What is the peak to peak method?

A
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14
Q

How do you determine regularity?

A
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15
Q

How do you assess the P waves?

A
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16
Q

What is the normal range for a PR interval?

A
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17
Q

What is a normal QRS duration?

A
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18
Q

What is an axis?

A
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19
Q

Normal Axis:

A

-30 to 90

(downwards and leftwards)

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20
Q

Left Axis:

A

-30 to -90

(upwards and leftwards)

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21
Q

Right Axis:

A

90 to 180
(downwards and rightwards)

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22
Q

Extreme Right Axis:

A

90 to 180

(upwards and rightwards)

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23
Q

Left axis deviation associated with:

A
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24
Q

Right axis deviation associated with:

A
  • COPD
  • Pulmonary hypertension
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25
Q

How do arrhythmias arise? (4)

A
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26
Q

Interpretation?

A
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27
Q

Interpretation?

A
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28
Q

Interpretation?

A
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29
Q

What are premature atrial contractions?

A
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30
Q

Interpretation?

A
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31
Q

What are premature ventricular contractions?

A
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32
Q

What is the aetiology of PVCs?

A
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33
Q

Interpretation?

A
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34
Q

Explain atrial fibrillation.

A
35
Q

Interpretation?

A
36
Q

What is an atrial flutter?

A
37
Q

Interpretation?

A
38
Q

What is a PVST?

A
39
Q

Interpretation?

A
40
Q

What is the aetiology of ventricular tachycardia?

A
41
Q

Interpretation?

A
42
Q

Aetiology of ventricular fibrillation?

A
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q

Aetiology of 2nd-degree AV block, type 1

A
46
Q

Interpretation?

A
47
Q

Aetiology of 2nd-degree AV block, type II

A
48
Q

Interpretation?

A
49
Q

Aetiology of 3rd degree AV block

A
50
Q

Right atrial enlargement

A
51
Q

Left atrial enlargement

A
52
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A
53
Q

Right ventricular hypertrophy

A
54
Q

Are any chambers enlarged?

A
55
Q
A
56
Q

What are BBB?

A
57
Q

RBBB?

A
58
Q

LBBB?

A
59
Q

LBBB or RBBB?

A

LBBB

60
Q

LBBB or RBBB?

A

RBBB

61
Q

Ischaemia

ECG changes:

A
62
Q

Injury

ECG changes:

A
63
Q

Infarct

ECG changes:

A
64
Q

Acute MI:

A
65
Q

ECG changes for MI:

A
66
Q

ST elevation

A
67
Q

Evolution of ST elevation infarction:

A
68
Q

Leads: V1-V2

Site:

A

Anteroseptal wall

69
Q

Leads: V3-V4

Site:

A

Anterior wall

70
Q

Leads: II,III,aVF

Site:

A

Inferior wall

70
Q

Leads: V5-V6,I,aVL

Site:

A

Lateral wall

71
Q

Leads: V1-V2

Site: second location

A

Posterior wall (reciprocal changes)

72
Q

What is the issue?

A
73
Q

What is the issue?

A
74
Q

What is the issue?

A
75
Q
A
76
Q

What are the ECG changes seen with a non-ST elevation infarction?

A
77
Q

ST-segment depression:

A
78
Q

What are reciprocal changes?

A
79
Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Normal axis (0 to +90)

A

Positive
Positive

80
Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Possible left-axis deviation (0 to -90)

A

Positive
Negative

Confirm with lead 2

81
Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Right axis deviation (+90 to 180)

A

Negative
Positive

82
Q

Lead 1:

Lead aVF:

Extreme axis (-90 to 180)

A

Negative
Negative

MBBCh 3- Clinical Skills (6 decks)

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