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Cardiovascular > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q
A

Stress Induced Myocardial Ischemia

  • inc. O2 consumption with inability to inc. coronary flow appropriately
  • depression of ST segment
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2
Q
A

Ischemia- Acute Coronary Syndrome

  • ischemia due to acute coronary artery obstruction during low oxygen demand causes T wave inversion
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3
Q
A

Transmural Infarct

  • ST elevation
  • Q wave
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4
Q
A

Evolving Transmural Myocardial Infarct

  • peaked T wave
  • T wave inversion
  • ST elevation
  • Q wave, ST elevation, T inversion
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5
Q
A

Subendocardial Infarct

  • ST depression
  • no Q wave
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6
Q
  • shortened QT interval
A

Hypercalcemia

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7
Q
  • prolonged QT interval
A

Hypocalcemia

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8
Q
  • S and T waves broaden in sine wave pattern
A

Hyperkalemia

  • P & R waves gone
  • S & T waves broaden in sine wave pattern
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9
Q
  • T wave merging with U wave
A

Hypokalemia

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10
Q
  • big R waves in L sided leads (I, aVL, v5, v6)
  • normal QRS duration with extremely high voltage
A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

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11
Q
  • big R waves in R sided leads (v1, v2)
A

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

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12
Q

Limb Leads

A

Lateral Leads

  • aVL/aVR
  • I

Inferior Leads

  • II, III, aVF

Bipolar

  • I, II, III
  • (standard limb leads)

Unipolar

  • aVR, aVL, aVG
  • augmented limb leads
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13
Q

Polarity

A
  • depolarization moving toward a positive electrode produces a positive electrode
  • QRS will be upright (+) in L and lateral leads
  • QRS will be downward (-) in R sided leads
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14
Q
  • regular, fast HR (>100)
  • P waves precede QRS
A

Sinus Tachycardia

Sympathetic Activation

  • exercise, emotion, hypotension, resonse to actue lung or abdominal patholgy, thyrotoxicosis

Treatment

  • usually none, bea blockers in thyrotoxicosis
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15
Q
  • regular, slow HR (<60)
  • P waves precede each QRS
A

Sinus Bradycardia

  • athletes
  • vagotonic states: faint
  • treatment: none, atropine, pacemaker if sx
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16
Q
  • PR interval prolonged
A

First Degree AV Block

  • causes: drug induced, conduction system disease
  • usually benign
  • PR interval prolonged (inc. junctional delay)
17
Q
  • some P waves conduct but some do not
A

Second Degree Heart Block

  • Mobitz 1/Wenchebach
    • progressive lengthening of PR interval followed by non conducted P wave
  • Mobitz 2
    • intermittently dropped ventricular beats preceded by constant PR intervals
18
Q
  • no relationship between P waves and QRS
A

Third Degree Heart Block

  • P waves at faster rate the QRS
  • serious condition
  • causes
    • severe conduction system disease
    • rarely drugs
  • tx
    • pacing if ventricular rate or BP are too low
19
Q
  • early beat often preceded by an abnormal P wave
  • narrow QRS resembling normally conducted beats usually
A

Premature Atrial Contraction

20
Q
  • wide QRS, no P wave
  • common in normal subjects, acute MI, and heart failure
A

Premature Ventricular Contractions

  • tx: usually not required, beta blockers
21
Q
  • P waves at rate of 240-320 beats/min
  • pulse may be regular or irregular
  • ventricular rates vary widely
A

Atrial Flutter

  • tx:
    • anticoagulation
    • rate control with drugs
    • cardioversion
    • ablation- curative
22
Q
  • rapid HR
  • narrow QRS
  • P waves present but abnormal
A

Atrial Tachycardia

  • tx:
    • adenosine
    • vagal maneuver
    • beta blocker
    • verapamil or diltiazem
23
Q
  • no P waves
  • undulating baseline
  • irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm
A

Atrial Fibrillation

  • causes
    • hyperthyroidism
    • heart disease
    • post-op
    • aging
    • hypertension (most common)
  • tx
    • anticoagulation
    • rate control with drugs
      • beta blockers
      • digoxin
      • verapril
      • diltiazem
      • amiodarone
    • cardioversion (rhythm control)
      • class 3 agents (ibutilide, amiodarone, dofetilide, sotalol)
      • class 1C agents (flecainide, propafenone)
    • ablation
    • shick
24
Q
  • regular, narrow QRS
  • no antecedent P waves
A

Junctional Rhythm

  • tx usually unnecessary
25
Q
  • regular, wide complexes (100-200/min)
  • in most cases no P wave visible
  • termed sustained if longer than 30 sec
  • often life threatening
A

Ventricular Tachycardia

  • tx:
    • amidarone
    • lidocaine
    • cardioversion
26
Q
  • wavy, irregular baseline
  • life threatening
A

Ventricular Fibrillation

27
Q
A

Asystole

28
Q

P Wave Abnormalitites in Sinus Rhythm

A
29
Q
  • widened QRS with terminal WRS
  • upright (+) in R sided leads
  • downward (-) in L sided leads
A

RIght Bundle Branch Block

30
Q
  • widened QRS away from v1 and towards v6
A

Left Bundle Branch Block

31
Q
  • axis shift without widening the QRS
A

Hemiblock

32
Q
  • ST elevations and Q waves in inferior leads (II, III, aVF)
  • reciprocal ST depressions in anterior leads
A

Acute Inferior MI

33
Q
  • ST elevations and Q waves in anterior leads (v1-v4)
A

Acute Anterior MI

34
Q
  • diffuse ST elevations in multiple leads: no localization
A

Acute Pericarditis

35
Q
  • QRS positive in lead I
  • QRS negative in lead II
A

Left Axis Deviation

Cardiovascular (29 decks)

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