ECG Flashcards
When an electrical impulse goes towards an electrode generates .….
positive wave
When an electrical impulse goes away from an electrode generates .……..
negative wave
When an electrical impulse goes towards and then away causes
biphasic wave
Lateral leads are ………
(4)
The cardiac vessel there is …….
L1 (I), aVL, V5, V6
Left circumflex artery (LCx) or diagonal of LAD
Inferior leads are ………
(3)
The cardiac vessel there is …….
L3 (II), L3 (III), aVF
Right coronary artery (RCA) +/ LCx
Anterior/ septal leads are ………
(4)
The cardiac vessel there is …….
V1, V2, V3, V4
Left anterior descending
1 small square is …… and ……
1mm wide
1mm high
1 big square is
5 small squares wide and high
The speed of the ECG machine is …..
25 mm per second
Flat, straight aisoelectric line
Base line
Deviantion or movement away from baseline may be upward or downward
Wave form
A line between 2 waves
Segment
A waveform plus a segment
shows time duration
Interval
Combination of several waveform without segment
Complex
Squares high represent ……..
Voltage
Mass
Squares wide represent ……..
Speed
Rate
1 Square represents…….. s
5 Squares represent…….. s
0.04
0.2
1 Square represents…….. mV
5 Squares represent…….. mV
0.1
0.5
PR interval normal duration is ……. s
0.12 - 0.2
QRS complex normal duration is ……. s
0.08 - 0.10
QT interval normal duration is ……. s
0.4 - 0.43
RR interval normal duration is ……. s
0.6 - 1
Limb leads are ……..
(6)
lead I, II, III, aVL, aVR, and aVF
The letter “a” in some limb leads stands for …….
augmented
Precordial (chest) leads are ……..
(6)
V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 and V6
aVR attached to …….
Rt arm
aVL attached to …….
Let arm
aVF attached to …….
Let foot
Lead I between …….
aVR and aVL
Lead II between …….
aVR and aVF
Lead III between …….
aVL and aVF
P wave is ……
Atrial depolarization
QRS complex is ……
Ventricular depolarization
T wave is ……
Ventricular repolarization
P wave absent in ……
Atrial fibrillation
P wave inverted in ……
aVR
Q wave is abnormally wide when
> 0.2 s
Q wave is abnormally deep when
> 5 mm
Abnormal Q waves indicate
fully established myocardial infarction (MI)
Abnormal Q wave in II, III, and aVF indicates
established inferior wall infarction
Progression of ST segment elevation
MI : min - h
Loss of R wave,
Q wave formation
MI: h - d
T wave inversion
MI: ds
T wave normalisation, …..
MI: d - w - m
Abnormal Q wave in VI (1), VII (2) indicates ……
Fully established septal wall infarction
Abnormal Q wave in VIII (3), VIIII (4) indicates ……
Fully established anterior wall infarction
Abnormal Q wave in VI (1), VII (2), VIII (3), VIIII (4) indicates ……
Fully established anteroseptal wall infarction
Abnormal Q wave in LI (1), aVL, V5, V6 indicates ……
Fully established lateral wall infarction
Abnormal Q wave in LI (1), aVL, V3, V4, V5, V6 indicates ……
Fully established anterolateral wall infarction
can be too broad or too tall, and it may contain an abnormal Q wave
QRS complex
QRS duration will lengthen when …….
electrical activity takes a long time to travel through the ventricular myocardium
QRS complex is considered abnormal when …….
duration of greater than 0.12 seconds
Low voltage QRS complex is …….
When the hight of R or S wave is not more than 5mm
Low voltage QRS complex seen in ……. (4)
Hypothyroidism
Pericardial effusion
Thick chest wall
Problem in ECG machine
T wave inversion common causes are ………… (4)
Myocardial ischemia
Myocardial infarction
Ventricular strain
Treatment with digoxin
Prolong PR interval shows ……
Delayed conduction from SA to AV node
No. of squares in the PR interval is …..
3 - 5 small
Short PR interval indicates ….
Wolff-parkinson-white
Long PR interval indicates …..
1st degree AV block
Prolonged QT interval reflects ……
delayed myocardial repolarization
Long QT intervals increase the risks of …….
fatal arrhythmias
fatal arrhythmias may result in …….
fainting attacks, cardiac arrest and even sudden cardiac death
What can cause prolonged QT interval?
Electrolyte abnormalities and certain drugs
drugs may prolong QT interval
(3)
Hypocalcemia ,Fluconazole, Levofloxacin
PR segment depression is often associated with
pericarditis
It’s transient but early and specific for pericarditis
PR segment depression
ST segment represents ……
interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
ST elevation may indicate ……..
(4)
Normal variant
Acute MI
Prinzmetal’s angina
Acute pericarditis
ST depression may indicate ……..
(3)
Normal variant
Ischaemic
Digoxin toxicity
the axis of an ECG is …….
the sum of all the ventricular electrical forces during ventricular depolarization
axis is normal
normal (Ω30° to +90°)
axis is LAD
left-deviated (<Ω30°)
axis is RAD
right deviated (>+90°)
The simplest way of determining left axis or right axis deviation is based on …….
direction of QRS complex in Lead 1 and 3
If QRS complex in Lead 1 and 3 point away from each other
It is …….
LAD
Lovers leaving»_space; left axis deviation
If the QRS complex in Lead 1 and 3 aim in the same direction
It is …….
RAD
Lovers returning»_space; right axis deviation
common causes of right axis deviation are …….
(5)
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Pulmonary embolism
Dextrocardia
Ventricular ectopic rhythms
Anterio lateral myocardial infarction
common Causes for left
axis deviation are ……..
(4)
Left ventricular hypertrophy
VT from a left ventricular focus
Ventricular ectopic rhythms
Inferior wall myocardial infarction
Normal Sinus Rhythm P waves are ……
present
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Is there a P wave before every QRS complex?
Yes
Originate in SA node
Normal Sinus Rhythm rhythm is …..
Regular
Normal Sinus Rhythm PR intervals and QRS complexes are …….
Normal
Calculating heart Rate
Beats/min = 300 divided by the number of large boxes (each 5 mm apart) between consecutive QRS complexes.
=300/ RR interval (in large squares)
Calibration mark
A mark ensures ECG machines accuracy
Check slide
