ECE 111-Child development study

Question 1

Whats theory?

Answer 1

-A theory allows us to predict and explain human behaviour.

Question 2

What is the history of child development?

Answer 2

Children were seen as evil and discipline was seen as harsh. Children were considered property and servants. At the age of 7 children were considered the age of reason and expected to work.

Question 3

What is Nature?

Answer 3

Nature is when children’s characteristics, traits, and personalities are influenced by their genetics.

Question 4

What is Nurture?

Answer 4

Nurture is when children’s characteristics, traits, and personalities are influenced by their experiences with the environment.

Question 5

What is the Pioneers in Child Development?

Answer 5

Darwin: Theory of Evolution, Kept a “baby diary” of infant son.

Hall: Credited with the founding of child
development as an academic discipline. Labelled adolescence a time of “storm and stress”

Binet and Simon
Developed first standardized
intelligence testing to help identify
academically “at risk” school children in France

Question 6

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 6

Associative learning
where neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally produced by another natural stimulus

Question 7

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 7

Consequences of behaviour
can affect future occurrences of behaviour

Question 8

What is reinforcement?

Answer 8

consequences that increase the
future likelihood of the behaviour it follows

Question 9

What is Positive reinforcement?

Answer 9

Adding something and the behaviour will repeat.

Question 10

What is Negative reinforcement?

Answer 10

Taking something away from the child and the behaviour repeats.

Question 11

What is a punishment?

Answer 11

the consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being demonstrated

Question 12

What is Psychoanalysis development?

Answer 12

Psychoanalysis is
largely determined by how well people resolve unconscious conflicts that occur
during development.

Question 13

What is Psychosexual development?

Answer 13

Psychosexual development Focuses on emotional and social development and origins of personality traits.

Question 14

What are the 3 Parts of personality?

Answer 14

-Id= Ruled by pleasure/pain
principle

-Ego= tries to realistically meet the demands of the Id

-Superego= Ruled by the reality
principle – voices in society – moral agent of personality.

Question 15

What is cognitive development?

Answer 15

how children think, explore and figure things out.

Question 16

What are the stages of cognitive development?

Answer 16

-Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old)

-Preoperational stage (2–7 years old)

-Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old)

-Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)

Question 17

What is schema?

Answer 17

Schema is when patterns of action or mental structure are involved in acquiring and organizing knowledge.

Question 18

What is accommodation?

Answer 18

Accommodation is adjusting or creating new schemes when something doesn’t fit the old scheme.

Question 19

What is assimilation?

Answer 19

Assimilation is when we respond to new objects or events using existing schemes.

Question 20

What is scaffolding?

Answer 20

Scaffolding is the Temporary skeletal structure enabling
someone to work on a permanent structure

Question 21

What is Banduras Learning through observation?

Answer 21

children imitate each other because they observe the actions of others and copy them

Question 22

What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Theory on Ecological Systems?

Answer 22

Uries theory is the child as surrounded by four circles, each representing a different set of factors that influence the child.

Question 23

What are the four circles that represent a set of factors that influence the child?

Answer 23

1: Microsystem= closest to the child; the child has
the most direct contact with these people(ex. family)

2: Mesosystem: provides connections within the
child’s microsystem (ex. childcare with parents)

3:Exosystem: larger social system in which the child
may not directly interact with but may have contact
with through their microsystem(ex. Extended family)

4:Macrosystem: outer system which impacts the
child through the other systems surrounding them(ex. attitudes, beliefs)

5:Chronosystem (around the macrosystem): aspects
of time that can impact or influence the child (ex. as
children age, they interact or react differently to
aspects of their environment)

Question 24

What are the types of Developmental research?

Answer 24

-Naturalistic observation=These studies are conducted in “the field” and “real-life” settings: homes, schools, playgrounds, etc. Researchers observe the natural behaviour of the subjects.

• Case study= A careful in-depth account of the behaviour
  of a single individual. It may include direct observations,
  questionnaires, standardized tests, and interviews or information from public records.
• Correlation= investigators examine relations
  between variables as they occur. A variable can change or be inconsistent during the
  experiment and can impact findings.
• Experiment= A scientific procedure. Usually undertaken to prove a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question that the researcher seeks to prove
  either right or wrong.
• Longitudinal= Seeks to study development over time. Same people are observed repeatedly over time ensuring valid comparisons the changes are recorded.

Question 25

What does heredity mean?

Answer 25

the process of transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through genes

Question 26

What are genes?

Answer 26

Genes carry information that gets passed from one generation to the next.

Question 27

What are chromosomes?

Answer 27

DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures

Question 28

What are dominant traits?

Answer 28

trait whose influence
will be shown each time the gene is present.

Question 29

What are recessive traits?

Answer 29

trait whose influence
will be shown only when it is paired with a second recessive gene.

Question 30

What are carriers?

Answer 30

people who bear one
dominant gene and one recessive trait.

Question 31

What is the importance of serve and return interactions?

Answer 31

These back-and-forth exchanges are the building blocks of children’s early brain development. They help children learn how to control their emotions, cope with stress, and learn skills that will serve as a foundation for later development.

Question 32

What is learning, memory and speech?

Question 33

What are the mechanisms of growth- heredity, hormones, nutrition

Question 34

What is Malnutrition?

Question 35

What is disease?

Question 36

What are accidents?

Question 37

The developing nervous system- definitions

Question 38

The maturing brain, brain plasticity and motor development

Question 39

Early Childhood Cognitive development- Preoperational stage

Question 40

Symbolic thought, pretend play, conservation, centration, irreversibility, class inclusion

Question 41

Development of memory

Question 42

Early Childhood Physical Development- Growth Patterns, Development of the brain, Motor
development, health and illness, sleep patterns and potty training

Question 43

Social Development- Social and Gender roles, gender identity, cognitive theories of gender identity, self-esteem

Question 44

Parenting Styles and sibling relationships

Question 45

Peer relationships/ preschool play , self control