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AWS TD Cheat Sheets > EBS > Flashcards

EBS Flashcards

1
Q

EBS

A

Block level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances.

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2
Q

What is EBS suited for?

A

Well-suited for use as the primary storage for file systems, databases, or for any applications that require fine granular updates and access to raw, unformatted, block-level storage.

Well-suited to both database-style applications (random reads and writes), and to throughput-intensive applications (long, continuous reads and writes).

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3
Q

True/False. Termination protection is turned off by default and must be manually enabled (keeps the volume/data when the instance is terminated)

A

True.

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4
Q

How many EBS volumes can you have by default?

A

5,000

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5
Q

How many EBS snapshots can you have by default?

A

10,000

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6
Q

What are the different storage options for EBS?

A

Different types of storage options:
-General Purpose SSD (gp2,gp3), Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1,io2)
-Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)
-Cold HDD (sc1) volumes up to 16 TiB in size or 64TiB for io2 Block Express.

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7
Q

True/False. You cannot mount multiple volumes on the same instance.

A

False. You can mount multiple volumes on the same instance.

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8
Q

True/False. You cannot mount a Provisioned IOPS to multiple instances at a time.

A

False. Uou can mount a Provisioned IOPS volume to multiple instances at a time using Amazon EBS Multi-Attach.

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9
Q

Multi-Attach on EBS Provisioned IOPS io 1 volumes to allow a single volume to be concurrently attached to how many Nitro System-based Amazon EC2 instances within the same AZ?

A

Up to 16.

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10
Q

Can EBS volumes be encrypted?

A

You can use encrypted EBS volumes to meet data-at-rest encryption requirements for regulated/audited data and applications.

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11
Q

What kind of snapshots can you create with EBS and where are they stored? Can snapshots be copied across Regions?

A

You can create point-in-time snapshots of EBS volumes, which are persisted to Amazon S3. Similar to AMIs. Snapshots can be copied across AWS regions.

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12
Q

Where are volumes created and where can they be attached?

A

Created in a specific AZ and can be attached to any instance in that same AZ.

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13
Q

How can you make volumes accessible outside of its AZ?

A

Create a snapshot and restore that snapshot to a new volume anywhere in that region.

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14
Q

How can you move volumes to other regions?

A

Take a snapshot of the volume, copy the snapshot to other regions and then restore it to new volumes there, making it easier to leverage multiple AWS regions for geographical expansion, data center migration, and disaster recovery.

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15
Q

How can you detach an EBS volume from an instance?

A

Explicitly or by terminating the instance.

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16
Q

How do you detach an EBS volume from a running instance?

A

You must first unmount the volume from the instance.

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17
Q

True/False. If an EBS volume is the root device of an instance, you must stop the instance before you can detach the volume.

A

True.

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18
Q

How can you backup EBS volumes?

A

With AWS Backup, you can configure backups for EBS volumes, automate backup scheduling, set retention policies, and monitor backup and restore activity.

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19
Q

How do you remove the latency of I/O operations when restoring EBS snapshots?

A

EBS fast snapshot restore allows you to create a volume from a snapshot that is fully initialized. This removes the latency of I/O operations on the block when accessed for the first time.

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20
Q

What type of EBS volumes are there?

A

-General Purpose SSD (gp3)
-General Purpose SSD (gp2)
-Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1/io2)
-Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)
-Cold HDD (sc1)

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21
Q

General Purpose SSD (gp3)

A

-Delivers a consistent baseline rate of 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiB/s. You can provision additional IOPS (up to 16,000) and throughput (up to 1,000 MiB/s) for an additional cost.
-The maximum ratio of provisioned IOPS to provisioned volume size is 500 IOPS per GiB. The maximum ratio of provisioned throughput to provisioned IOPS is .25 MiB/s per IOPS.

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22
Q

General Purpose SSD (gp2)

A

-Base performance of 3 IOPS/GiB, with the ability to burst to 3,000 IOPS for extended periods of time.
-Support up to 16,000 IOPS and 250 MB/s of throughput.
-The burst duration of a volume is dependent on the size of the volume, the burst IOPS required, and the credit balance when the burst begins. Burst IO duration is computed using the following formula:
–If your gp2 volume uses all of its I/O credit balance, the maximum IOPS performance of the volume remains at the baseline IOPS performance level and the volume’s maximum throughput is reduced to the baseline IOPS multiplied by the maximum I/O size.
–Throughput for a gp2 volume can be calculated using the following formula, up to the throughput limit of 160 MiB/s:

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23
Q

Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1/io2)

A

-Designed for I/O-intensive workloads, particularly database workloads, which are sensitive to storage performance and consistency.
-Allows you to specify a consistent IOPS rate when you create the volume
-EBS Provisioned IOPS io2 features higher durability of 99.999%, and supports provisioning 500 IOPS for every provisioned GB. EBS io2 has 100x better volume durability and a 10x higher IOPS to storage ratio than io1, for the same price as io1.

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24
Q

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)

A

-Low-cost magnetic storage that focuses on throughput rather than IOPS.
-Throughput of up to 500 MiB/s.
-Subject to throughput and throughput-credit caps, the available throughput of an st1 volume is expressed by the following formula:

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25
Q

Cold HDD (sc1)

A

-Low-cost magnetic storage that focuses on throughput rather than IOPS.
-Throughput of up to 250 MiB/s.

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26
Q

True/False. Data stored at rest on an encrypted volume and disk I/O, are encrypted, but snapshots are not.

A

False. Data stored at rest on an encrypted volume, disk I/O, and snapshots created from it are all encrypted.

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27
Q

True/False. Also provides encryption for data in-transit from EC2 to EBS since encryption occurs on the servers that hosts EC2 instances.

A

True.

28
Q

When volumes are encrypted, what types of data are encrypted?

A

The following types of data are encrypted:
-Data at rest inside the volume
-All data moving between the volume and the instance
-All snapshots created from the volume
-All volumes created from those snapshots

29
Q

What do you use to encrypted volumes?

A

Uses AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) master keys when creating encrypted volumes and any snapshots created from your encrypted volumes.

30
Q

True/False. Volumes restored from encrypted snapshots are not automatically encrypted.

A

False. Volumes restored from encrypted snapshots ARE automatically encrypted.

31
Q

True/False. EBS encryption is only available on certain instance types.

A

True.

32
Q

How can you encrypted existing unencrypted volumes?

A

There is no direct way to encrypt an existing unencrypted volume, or to remove encryption from an encrypted volume. However, you can migrate data between encrypted and unencrypted volumes.

33
Q

How can you ensure that EBS volumes are encrytped when you create them?

A

You can now enable Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) Encryption by Default, ensuring that all new EBS volumes created in your account are encrypted.

34
Q

How do you monitor EBS and what levels of monitoring exist?

A

Cloudwatch Monitoring two types: Basic and Detailed monitoring

35
Q

What are volume status checks and what are they?

A

Volume status checks provide you the information that you need to determine whether your EBS volumes are impaired, and help you control how a potentially inconsistent volume is handled. List of statuses include:

-Ok – normal volume
-Warning – degraded volume
-Impaired – stalled volume
-Insufficient-data – insufficient data

36
Q

How do you know when your volumes encountered an event and how long it encountered said event?

A

Volume events include a start time that indicates the time at which an event occurred, and a duration that indicates how long I/O for the volume was disabled. The end time is added to the event when I/O for the volume is enabled.

37
Q

List the possible volume events.

A

Volume events are:
-Awaiting Action: Enable IO
-IO Enabled
-IO Auto-Enabled
-Normal
-Degraded
-Severely Degraded
-Stalled

38
Q

How do you increase a current-generation EBS volume that is attached to a current-generations EC2 instance?

A

If your current-generation EBS volume is attached to a current-generation EC2 instance type, you can increase its size, change its volume type, or (for an io1 volume) adjust its IOPS performance, all without detaching it.

39
Q

Maximum supported size of an EBS volume?

A

EBS currently supports a maximum volume size of 16 TiB.

40
Q

What are 2 partitioning schemes that are commonly used on Linux and Windows.

A

Two partitioning schemes commonly used on Linux and Windows systems: master boot record (MBR) and GUID partition table (GPT).

41
Q

What sequence of states do volumes go through as they are being modified?

A

An EBS volume being modified goes through a sequence of states. The volume enters first the Modifying state, then the Optimizing state, and finally the Complete state.

42
Q

How do you expand a partition to a new size?

A

You can expand a partition to a new size. Expand by using parted or gdisk.

43
Q

True/False. Decreasing the size of an EBS volume is supported.

A

False. Decreasing the size of an EBS volume is not supported.

44
Q

Where are EBS snapshots stored?

A

Back up the data on your EBS volumes to S3 by taking point-in-time snapshots.

45
Q

What kind of snapshots are used with EBS backups?

A

Snapshots are incremental backups, which means that only the blocks on the device that have changed after your most recent snapshot are saved. This minimizes the time required to create the snapshot and saves on storage costs by not duplicating data.

46
Q

What data is removed when you delete a snapshot?

A

When you delete a snapshot, only the data unique to that snapshot is removed.

47
Q

How can you share snapshots across AWS accounts?

A

You can share a snapshot across AWS accounts by modifying its access permissions.

48
Q

True/False. You can make copies of your own snapshots as well as snapshots that have been shared with you.

A

True.

49
Q

Where are snapshots constrained when they are created?

A

A Region.

50
Q

How do you delete a snapshot used by a root device of an EBS volume used by a registered AMI?

A

You can’t delete a snapshot of the root device of an EBS volume used by a registered AMI. You must first deregister the AMI before you can delete the snapshot.

51
Q

What is the max number of concurrent snapshot copy requests?

A

Each account can have up to 5 concurrent snapshot copy requests to a single destination Region.

52
Q

True/False. User-defined tags are copied from the source snapshot to the new snapshot.

A

False. User-defined tags ARE NOT copied from the source snapshot to the new snapshot.

53
Q

True/False. Snapshots are constrained to the Region in which they were created. To share a snapshot with another Region, copy the snapshot to that Region.

A

True.

54
Q

How must snapshots that you intend to share be encrypted?

A

Snapshots that you intend to share must instead be encrypted with a custom CMK.

55
Q

True/False. EBS-Optimized Instances do not provide the best performance for your EBS volumes by minimizing contention between EBS I/O and other traffic from your instance.

A

False. Provides the best performance for your EBS volumes by minimizing contention between EBS I/O and other traffic from your instance.

56
Q

At what speeds do EBS-optimized instances deliver dedicated bandwidth?

A

EBS–optimized instances deliver dedicated bandwidth between 500 Mbps and 60,000 Mbps to EBS.

57
Q

How do you enable EBS optimization on EBS-Optimized Instances?

A

For instance types that are EBS–optimized by default, there is no need to enable EBS optimization and no effect if you disable EBS optimization.

58
Q

How is EBS priced?

A

You are charged by the amount you provision in GB per month until you release the storage.

59
Q

Which volumes are billed in per-second increments, with a 60 second minimum?

A

Provisioned storage for gp2 volumes, provisioned storage and provisioned IOPS for io1 volumes, provisioned storage for st1 and sc1 volumes will be billed in per-second increments, with a 60 second minimum.

60
Q

How are Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1) volumes priced?

A

With Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1) volumes, you are also charged by the amount you provision in IOPS per month.

61
Q

True/False. After you detach a volume, you are not charged for volume storage as long as the storage. You do not have to delete a volume to avoid incurring further charges.

A

False. After you detach a volume, you are still charged for volume storage as long as the storage amount exceeds the limit of the AWS Free Tier. You must delete a volume to avoid incurring further charges.

62
Q

How is snapshot storage priced?

A

Snapshot storage is based on the amount of space your data consumes in Amazon S3.

63
Q

True/False. Copying a snapshot to a new Region does not incur new storage costs.

A

False. Copying a snapshot to a new Region DOES incur new storage costs.

64
Q

True/False. When you enable EBS optimization for an instance that is not EBS-optimized by default, you pay an additional low, hourly fee for the dedicated capacity.

A

True.

65
Q

Ways to improve performance?

A

-Use EBS-Optimized Instances
-Understand How Performance is Calculated
-Understand Your Workload
-Be Aware of the Performance Penalty When Initializing Volumes from Snapshots
-Factors That Can Degrade HDD Performance
-Increase Read-Ahead for High-Throughput, Read-Heavy Workloads on st1 and sc1
-Use a Modern Linux Kernel
-Use RAID 0 (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) to Maximize Utilization of Instance Resources
-Track Performance Using Amazon CloudWatch

AWS TD Cheat Sheets (30 decks)

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