EBM Flashcards
1) define EBM
1) conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of an individual patient
2) what three things make up EMB
2) clinical expertise, research evidence, patient preference
4) what sort of question would you use a randomised control trial for?
therapy/prevention
5) Describe a randomised control trial
5) have a sample of population – give half therapy/ treatment and half placebo and see outcome
6) Name 3 parameters of RCT
6) random allocation, blinding (double/single), withdrawal
7) What sort of a question would you use a case control study for?
diagnosis OR risk/cause
8) Describe a case control study
8) source pop is people with the disease and people without – look back to see what exposures
9) Name 3 parameters of case control
retrospective, confounding, association not causal,
10) When would you use a cohort study
risk/ cause OR prognosis
11) Which two experiments are observation
cohort and case control
12) Describe cohort study
12) have two groups exposure and non exposure and look forward to see the outcomes of both groups
13) Name 4 parameters of cohort studies
prospective, confounding, causal, non experiment
14) Which study is an intervention study
RCT
15) Name a strength of each study
RCT - less bias
case control - cheap / real world
cohort - causal / real world
16) name a weakness of each study
RCT - expensive
case control - association /confounding
cohort - expensive / confounding
17)define bias
17) a systematic distortion of the true value
18) define error + two types
18) a random variation around the true value + false positive and false negative
how do you avoid bias
19) matching and post hoc adjustment, randomisation
20) two ways you can avoid error
20) enlarge sample size and lower significant value
21) type one error is depicted as what value? + what does this value represent
p value. chances of false positives. p value is statistical significance
22) Type two error is depicted as what value?
‘power’ of the study
23) What do confidence intervals tell?
23) statistical significance and possible range of the effect size
24) What is a systematic review
24) a systemic approach to identify, interpret and analyse evidence
25) what is a meta analysis
25) a systematic review with quantitive evidence synthesis
27) how do you work out effect size
27) (baseline-endpoint)/SD
28) what is heterogeneity
28) if you’ve done a meta-analysis and your heterogeneity is over 85% then loads of studies had different results so cant compare
29) best way to summarise research evidence
meta analysis
what is intention to treat
in a randomised control trial some people drop out - they must still be included in overall study as makes it more real world (get dropouts in real world)
