EARTHSCI 3

Question 1

who thought that Earth has been in perpetual existence?

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

who thought that Earth had not existed for a long time

Answer 2

Lucretius

Question 3

Who believed that the Earth was made in 4004 BC

Answer 3

James Ussher

Question 4

who formulated the modern concepts of deposition of horizontal data

Answer 4

Nicolas Steno

Question 5

Historical events can be sequenes from outcrops of …

Answer 5

sedimentary layers

Question 6

who proposed the principle of uniformitarianism

Answer 6

James Hulton

Question 7

physical, chemical, and biological processes that work today are the same forces that have worked in the geologic past

Answer 7

Principle of Uniformitarianism

Question 8

tectonic plates remain unchanged through time and they only vary through

Answer 8

intensity and frequency

Question 9

Geologists used observational evidence, and suggested that Earth was how old?

Answer 9

100 million years old

Question 10

The development of ___________ that radioactive dating was used to date the earth

Answer 10

Modern quantum mechanics

Question 11

This was adapted by the National Academy of Sciences resulting in the discovery of Earths age, which is 4.5 billion years old

Answer 11

radiometric time scale

Question 12

study of rock layers and radiometric dating

Answer 12

stratigraphy

Question 13

what are rock layers called

Answer 13

strata

Question 14

method of showing the sequence of events

Answer 14

Relative Dating

Question 15

most of the rocks exposed on the surface are what kind of rocks

Answer 15

sedimentary

Question 16

If the rocks are no longer horizontal, then….

Answer 16

they are already disturbed by the forces within

Question 17

how is the sequence of solid particles that settled on the seabed determined

Answer 17

weight

Question 18

heaviest _____ lightest _____

Answer 18

first, last (bottom, up)

Question 19

each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it

Answer 19

principle of superposition

Question 20

deposited in flat layers, not yet disturbed and still has its original horizontality

Answer 20

principle of original horizontality

Question 21

slab of rock/ magma intrudes into a rock, that fault, dike, or magma is younger than the rock

Answer 21

principle of cross-cutting and relationships

Question 22

rock mass that contain pieces of are that are younger than other rock masses

Answer 22

inclusions

Question 23

rock layers formed wihtout interruption are conformable

Answer 23

principle of uncomformities

Question 24

deofrmed or eroded before another layer was deposited; mismathced

Answer 24

unconformity

Question 25

sedimentary layer that is deposited over an ore erode horizontal sedimentary layer

Answer 25

disconformity

Question 26

sedimentary layer that is folded, titled, etc

Answer 26

angular unconformity

Question 27

sedimentary layer that is desposited over an eroded igneous or metamorphic rock

Answer 27

nonconformity

Question 28

why is rock correlation important

Answer 28

to develop a geologic time scale

Question 29

rock correlation is only applicable to _______

Answer 29

short distances due to vegetation and soil

Question 30

remains of plants of extinct animals embedded in sedimentary rocks

Answer 30

fossils

Question 31

science that deals with the study of fossils

Answer 31

Paleontology

Question 32

actual remains that did not change through time

Answer 32

true form fossils

Question 33

fossils turned into stone

Answer 33

petrified fossils

Question 34

preserve the form and shape of organisms

Answer 34

mold and cast

Question 35

gases and liquids leave animal form due to pressure leaving behind a thin layer of carbon

Answer 35

carbonized fossils

Question 36

hardened resin of ancient trees

Answer 36

amber

Question 37

who made the principle of fossil succession

Answer 37

William Smith

Question 38

fossils of organisms that lived only for a short period of time and are found in most places of the planet

Answer 38

Index fossils

Question 39

actual date or date range in number of years

Answer 39

absolute dating

Question 40

how are absolute dates obtained

Answer 40

through radioactive and radiometric methods

Question 41

same protons different neutrons

Answer 41

Isotopes

Question 42

parent isotope decreases, daughter isotope ______

Answer 42

increases

Question 43

the rate of change of a radioactive element is measure in

Answer 43

half-life

Question 44

use of decay of carbon-14, an isotope of carbon, to date events in the past

Answer 44

radiocarbon dating

Question 45

radiocarbon works best with what type of rocks

Answer 45

igneous and metamorphic

Question 46

are the series of time intervals on a geologic time scale equal or unequal

Answer 46

unequal

Question 47

largest intervals of geologic time with duration of hundreds of millions of years

Answer 47

Eons

Question 48

4 eons

Answer 48

Hadean, Archeozoic, Proterozoic, and phanerozoic.

Question 49

eons smaller divided groups

Answer 49

eras

Question 50

eras are subdivided into

Answer 50

periods

Question 51

smaller subdivisions of the Cenozoic era

Answer 51

epochs

Question 52

informal name gives to the first three eons of the geologic time scale

Answer 52

Precambrian

Question 53

known as the rockless eon because no more rocks in this eon exist today

Answer 53

Hadean

Question 54

4 eras of archean

Answer 54

eoarchean palaeoearchean mesoarchean neoarchean

Question 55

single-celled organisms what eon

Answer 55

archean

Question 56

3 eras of proterozoic

Answer 56

paleoproterozoic mesoproterozoic neoproterozoic

Question 57

what was the big landmass that was formed due to the joining of continents in the proterozoic eon?

Answer 57

rodinia

Question 58

supercontinent Pangaea was formed

Answer 58

Paleozoic era

Question 59

first life forms with parts

Answer 59

phanerozoic eon

Question 60

"Age of trilobites", shallow seas covered parts of the continents and mild climate existed. Rodinia began to break

Answer 60

cambrian period

Question 61

many volcanoes and mountains, primitive plants, first corals

Answer 61

ordovician period

Question 62

caledonian mountains were formed, rise in sea level worldwide

Answer 62

silurian period

Question 63

erosion of mountains resulted in the deposition of much sediment in seas. Age of fishes, fishes and terrestial plants became abundant

Answer 63

devonian period

Question 64

first winged insects appeared, appalachian mountains

Answer 64

Mississippian period

Question 65

first reptilesm derms mayflies and cockroaches

Answer 65

Pennsylvanian period

Question 66

age of ammphibians, ended with the larges tmass exctinction

Answer 66

permian period