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CDU > EARTHSCI 2 > Flashcards

EARTHSCI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

rocks are also under stress caused by

A

forces within the earth

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2
Q

these forces ______________ the rocks on the earth’s crust

A

push and pull

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3
Q

rocks slowly change their _______

A

shape and volume

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4
Q

what direction do these rocks go to

A

up, down, and sideways

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5
Q

these movements of the rocks cause rocks to

A

break, tilt, fold, or undergo deformation

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6
Q

what are the 3 different types of stress

A

compression, tension, and shearing

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7
Q

explain compression

A

squeezes rocks in the crust. causes them to move closer and become denser and smaller in volume. some rocks move up while others move down.

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8
Q

explain tension

A

pulls on the rocks causing them to stretch over a larger area. becomes thinner in the middle and thicker at the ends.

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9
Q

If the volume increases, density

A

decreases

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10
Q

explain shearing

A

pushes the rocks in the crust to opposite directions causing them to twist or tear apart. bends or breaks the rocks apart.

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11
Q

can the 3 types of stress change the volume and form of rocks?

A

yes

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12
Q

stress can cause the rocks to __________________

A

fracture or crack

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13
Q

if the rock fractures have not moved, the cracks are called

A

joints

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14
Q

joints are cracks that are (parallel/ perpendicular) to one other

A

parallel

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15
Q

the rocks that form joints in more than one direction turn into

A

blocks

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16
Q

forms where the different sets of joints cross one another

A

blocks

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17
Q

breaking of rocks along a crack or fracture where rocks can no longer withstand stress

A

faulting

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18
Q

when is a fault created

A

when the rocks move along a break or crack

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19
Q

3 types of faults

A

normal, reversal, and strike-strip

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20
Q

what is a normal fault

A

one side of the fault that is lower relative to the other side

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21
Q

what do normal faults form

A

mountains and valleys

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22
Q

mountains that are formed by blocks of rocks uplifted by normal faults are called

A

fault-block mountains

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23
Q

what is a reverse fault

A

rocky block that is pushed up relative to the rock on its side

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24
Q

what is a strike-slip fault

A

adjacent blocks of rocks move sideways and not up and down

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25
Q

an effect on compressional stress

A

folding

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26
Q

some rocks either break or

A

bend or crumple

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27
Q

a bend in a rock is called a

A

fold

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28
Q

what direction can a rock fold

A

upwards or downwards

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29
Q

what is an upward fold called

A

anticline

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30
Q

what is a downward fold called

A

syncline

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31
Q

large folds form mountains which are called

A

folded mountains

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32
Q

how do scientists gather information about earth’s interior

A

seismic waves

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33
Q

waves that travel through rocks in all directions

A

seismic waves

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34
Q

in which part to seismic waves travel

A

where the ground breaks during an earthquake

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35
Q

how are the earths layers divided

A

by chemical composition

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36
Q

4 layers of the earth

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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37
Q

why do the seismic waves change behavior when it travels from layer to layer

A

due to the varying densities

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38
Q

2 waves under seismic waves

A

body waves and surface waves

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39
Q

which type of wave has higher frequency

A

body waves

40
Q

why do body waves have higher frequency

A

they arrive before the surface waves that earthquakes emit

41
Q

2 types of body waves

A

p-waves and s-waves

42
Q

which wave arrives first, p or s

A

p waves

43
Q

how were the first waves detected

A

by seismometers

44
Q

as p waves travel down the

A

liquid core

45
Q

what happens when the p waves travel down to the liquid core

A

they slow down and bend

46
Q

where can s waves travel

A

only through solids

47
Q

what directions can surface waves go

A

up, down, rolling motion, and side-to-side-vibration

48
Q

outermost and thinnest layer of the earth

A

crust

49
Q

what is the crust made out of

A

soil and water; light and rich with silicon

50
Q

two types of crust

A

continental and oceanic

51
Q

difference between continental and oceanic

A

continental is thicker and has low density rocks while oceanic is thinner and has high-density rocks

52
Q

lies beneath the crust; extends from the base of the crust to the core-mantle boundary

A

mantle

53
Q

two layers of mantle

A

upper and lower mantle

54
Q

define the upper mantle

A

mostly solid, but its more flexible regions contribute to tectonic activities.

55
Q

rock samples from the upper mantle are brought to the surface by

A

volcanic activity

56
Q

what are the rock samples made out of

A

silicate base rocks that are rich in magnesium

57
Q

upper mantle mainly consists of a rock called

A

peridotite

58
Q

define lithosphere

A

uppermost layer of the mantle id firmly attached to the crust; rigid, brittle, single structure

59
Q

define asthenosphere

A

less rigid, warmer region of the upper mantle

60
Q

what is underneath the asthenosphere

A

lower mantle

61
Q

define the lower mantle

A

more compact structure; hotter, denser, and more stiff due to intense pressure

62
Q

extends from core-mantle boundary to the center of the earth

A

core

63
Q

what is the core made out of

A

nickel-iron alloys; fluid outer core and solid inner core

64
Q

what are the characteristics of tectonic plates

A
  1. one plate can carry both oceanic and continental crusts
  2. a plate float over on the asthenosphere an slides horizontally over it.
  3. Tectonic plates move at a very slow rate
65
Q

the movement of tectonic plates is made possible by

A

heat from the upper mantle

66
Q

which theory states that the continents are constantly moving

A

continental drift theory

67
Q

who made the continental drift theory

A

alfred wegner

68
Q

what was the large continent the earth was once made of called

A

pangaea

69
Q

what are the concrete pieces of evidence found later on:

A
  1. close match between coastlines on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. similar rock layers and mountain ranges
  3. mountain ranges of the same age, structure, and rock type
  4. fossils of extinct plants and animals
  5. glacial evidence like scrubs and scratches
  6. coral reefs and coal-forming swamps found in tropical regions
70
Q

explain sea-floor spreading

A

magma intrusion pushes the seafloor away from ocean ridges in both directions as evident in changes in the magnetic stripes found on rocks on the ocean floor

71
Q

what causes magma to rise

A

convection currents

72
Q

hot mantle: rises cold mantle:

A

sinks

73
Q

how is a rift formed

A

magma exerts tremendous force to the lithosphere, causing it to break

74
Q

who made the seafloor spreading theory

A

harry hess and robert diez

75
Q

_______ are places on earth covered with salt water

A

ocean basins

76
Q

how are ocean basins formed?

A

seafloor spreading from volcanic rocks released from the fissures along the mid-ocean ridges

77
Q

what are the stages of development in ocean basins

A

embryonic
juvenile
mature
declining
termina
continental collision

78
Q

explain embryonic

A

continents start to separate (rift valleys are formed)

79
Q

explain juvenile

A

seafloor basalts begin forming. rift valleys are flooded by seawater. mid-ocean ridge is formed.

80
Q

explain mature

A

broad ocean basins widen, trenches develop, and subduction begins.

81
Q

explain declining

A

subduction makes the seafloor and oceanic ridges narrower due to converging tectonic plates, forms trenches, volcanic island arcs, and coastal mountain ranges.

82
Q

explain terminal

A

ocean basins become narrow and shallow due to sedimentation. young mountain ranges are formed along the sides

83
Q

explain continental collision

A

remaining seafloor is eliminated and continents collide, forming a continental mountain chain. High mountain belts are formed

84
Q

what is continental shelf

A

continental landmass that is covered by sea. slops gently away from land, rich in biodiversity.

85
Q

what is continental slope

A

edge of a continental shelf where the seafloor suddenly drops. Where landslides, turbidity, currents, and sediment slumps are active.

86
Q

what is continental rise

A

base of a continental slope where the gradient is shallower. Sediments move down and pile up at the base and is gently sculptured by slow moving current.

87
Q

what is abyssal plains

A

vast expanse of terrain that is flat, cold, and dark since no light can penetrate through this depth. Only ultra-fine particles of clay and microscopic marine organisms can reach this depth. These spread out to form thin layers on the seafloor. They survive through chemicals from deep water vents as an energy source

88
Q

who unified the continental drift theory and seafloor spreading theory

A

tuzo wilson

89
Q

what is tuzo wilsons theory known as

A

plate tectonic theory

90
Q

go under one plate and sink into the asthenosphere. It turns into magma and gives a rise to volcanoes and volcanic island arcs.

A

subduction plates

91
Q

plates split into continental and oceanic. Crust becomes stretched, fissures appear, and crustal block collapses downward

A

spreading plates

92
Q

extremely long depression that develops along divergent boundaries (continental crust)

A

rift valley

93
Q

what is formed in occeanic crusts when plates separate

A

mid-ocean ridges

94
Q

fold or form faults on the crustal rocks. The collision causes great pressure on each other.

A

Converging plates

95
Q

what happens when the plates crumple and fold

A

mountain ranges are created.

CDU (7 decks)

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