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GCSE Geography > Earthquakes and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Earthquakes and Volcanoes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary?

A
  • Happens when two plates, usually volcanic and continental plates, move towards each other.
  • A subduction zone is reated as the oceanic plate is thrusted underneath the continental plate
  • Plates melt due to friction created and newly formed magma rises to the surface creating a volcano
  • E.g. - Pacific and Australian plates
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2
Q

What is a construcive plate boundary?

A
  • Occurs when tw plates move apart from each other and the space is filled with crus material from olten magma.
  • Undersea volcanoes can form at these divergent boundaries.
  • E.g. Mis Atlantic Ridge, Red Sea Rift and Gabbel Ridge
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3
Q

What is a collision plate boundary?

A
  • Occurs when two continental plates meet head on
  • No subduction zone as both plates are equal in density and strength
  • Sedment between the plates is forced up and results in the formation of Fold Mountains
  • E.g. - Indiand Eurasian plates causing the Himalays
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4
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A
  • Occurs when two plates slide past each other
  • These plates have been sliding past each other for millions of years
  • The build up of friction and pressure is realised in the form of an earthquake
  • E.g. - Pacific and North American plate int he San Andreas fault
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5
Q

What is the focus?

A
  • The center of the earthquake beneath the ground
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6
Q

What is the epicentre?

A
  • The point on the surface directly above the foucus
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7
Q

What is the cause of an earthquake?

A
  • Constant movement of the earth’s surfaces
  • Some places ther eis strain between differnt point where the rcok cannot withstand any mroe bending
  • Rock therefore breaks the two sides move
  • Elastic rebound describes the movement of the build up of forces causing a snap eventually
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8
Q

How is magma formed?

A
  • When the pressure decreases within parts of the upper mantle within a subduction zone
  • Lower pressure above the submerged plate and below the top plate allows the rock to melt
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9
Q

What is magma made out of?

A
  • Mixture of rocks, solids and gases
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10
Q

When does magma rise?

A
  • When the pressure within the magma chamber is greater than the strength of the crust as it begins to break though
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11
Q

What is the Richter Scale?

A
  • Measures the earthquake’s strength according to the amount of energy released.
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12
Q

What is the Mercalli Scale?

A
  • A scale based on what people experience and the amunt of damage done during an earthquake
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13
Q

What factors will vary the amount of damage caused by an earthquake?

A
  • Depth of focus
  • Type of rock
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14
Q

What can shock waves do during an earthquake?

A
  • Liquefy soft rocks so they become like liquid
  • Causes the foundation of buldings to collapse
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15
Q

What do volcanoes consist of?

A
  • Magma chamber, pipes and vent that expel magam, gas and steam
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16
Q

What effect do lava flows have?

A
  • Destroy farmland, buildings and line of transport
17
Q

What does ash do?

A
  • Gets carried in the wind and can affect large areas
  • Blankets everything
  • roofs of buildings can collapse if the there is a large amount of ash deposited
18
Q

What gass are emitted by volcanoes?

A
  • CO2, sulphur, cynaide
19
Q

What is the social short term impact of earthquakes?

A
  • Transport and communication links may be disrupted
  • Water pipes may burst and water supplies may become contaminated
  • Shops and businesses may be destroyed
  • Prisons may become damaged leading ot he escape of crimals and therefore increases rate of crime in the future
20
Q

What are the environmental short term impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Landscape may be destroyed
  • Fires can spread due to gas pipe explosions
  • Landslides may occur
  • Tsunamis may cause coastal flooding
  • Rubble rom fallen buildings may block roads and pathways
    • Hindering rescue and reliefworkers to acess the area
  • Lack of suitable areas to set up aid camps
21
Q

What are the social long term impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Disease may spread
  • People have to be re-housed
  • Some people have to migrate
  • Decline of industries
  • Government projects postponed
  • Cost of rebuilding in settlement is high
22
Q

What are the enviornmental long term impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Poeple could be pushed into unsuitable areas to live in, e.g. floodplains
  • Important natural and human landmarks may be lost
23
Q

What are the social short term impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Power supllies could be cut
  • Roads and bridges could be unusable
  • Water supply could become contaminated
24
Q

What are the environmental short term impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Smell of sulphuric gas in the air
  • Raised sea temperatures caused by pyroclastic flow entering the water
  • Food chains will be altered and unbalanced
  • Ash can cover areas and collapse houses
  • Landslides
25
Q

What are the social long term impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Long term exposure to volcanic fumes casue respiratory problems
  • Migration due to their homes being destroyed
26
Q

What are the enviormental long term impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Lahars will occur everytime it rains
  • Ash and lava make the soil infertile for along time
  • Silting in rivers and lakes
  • Volcanic pollution can affect the atmosphere
    • Reduces solar energy reaching the earth by 5-10%
27
Q

What is the background to Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Occured 13th January 2010
  • Magitude 7.0 on Richter Scale
  • Focus was 10km below the surface
  • At least 52 aftershocks by 24th January
  • HDI level of 0.404 (145th)
28
Q

What problems caused Haiti to have poor preparation to the earthquake?

A
  • Poltical, economic, social conditions made it dificult to establish an early warning system
  • No earthquakes drills were in place
  • No educational programmes
  • Haiti had a small budget
29
Q

What mitigation was there during the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • No help from government
  • Haiti’s airports were blocked with debris and ports blocked too
  • Inadequate emergency services and supplies
  • Many people lived in slums
30
Q

What short term mitigation was there after the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Total aid gived was $10 billion
  • Health camps set up
  • 4% of $5.4 billion aid was spent by 2011
  • No emergency plan in immediate aftermath
  • No help from government
  • Lack of co-ordination by NGOs
31
Q

What long term mitigation was in place after the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Haiti’s Action Plan for National Recovery and Developement established.
  • Too dependant on NGOS
  • Plan was to create jobs with the government working alongside small businesses in the next 10 years
  • Boost economy through agriculture
32
Q

What was the background to Hurricane Sandy?

A
  • New York on 29th october 2012
  • Category 2
  • GNI per capita - $48,586
33
Q

What mitigation was put in place before Hurricane Sandy?

A
  • Mayor adressed city
  • Evacuation zones set up
  • Evacuation aided by the police
  • Text sent to inhabtants warning to evacuate
  • FEMA displayed etailed information about hurricane and what to do whent he hurricane strikes
  • Warning centres and water distrubutors set up
  • UGS set up more than 150 storm surges snsors at key locations to give detailed developement of the coast
34
Q

What mitigation was put in place during the Hurricane Sandy?

A
  • AT&T provided phone pods and chargers in evacuation camos
  • FEMA, US Aid and Red Cross aided in evacuation efforts
  • 400 National Guard member delivered food and water in Coney Island
  • Sand bangs placed around buidings in New York Stock Exchange.
35
Q

What short term mitigation was put into place after Hurricane Sandy?

A
  • FEMA opened 19 Disaster Recovery Centres and 27 shetlers
  • FEMA and American Red Cross delivered thosuands of meals and blankets
36
Q

What long term mitigation was put into place after Hurricane Sandy?

A
  • Appraisal regarding rebuilding of communites as they would just get flooded in future hazards
  • Flood barriers to be erected in coastal areas
  • Artificial wetlands planned in suitable areas to obsturct storm surges

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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