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Earth Science Prelims (1.2-2.2) Flashcards

1
Q

is a series of seismic waves travelling through earth and is a result of a sudden release of energy

A

earthquake

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2
Q

body waves that radiate outward in all directions

A

seismic waves

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3
Q

found along the edges of tectonic plates

A
  • earthquake epicenters
  • volcanoes
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4
Q

they cause considerable human suffering and major events that cause billions of dollars in losses

A

geological events

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5
Q

examples of geological events

A
  • tsunamis
  • landslides
  • debris flow
  • mountain formation
  • earthquake
  • volcanic eruptions
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6
Q

some of these events only occur in certain areas, and some provide warning time

A

geological events

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7
Q

point within earth where an earthquake rupture starts (usually 670 km below the surface)

A

focus

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8
Q

geographic point at the surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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9
Q

why is the Philippines prone to earthquakes

A

located in the Ring of Fire

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10
Q

what magnitude earthquake hit davao del sur in Dec. 15, 2019

A

6.9

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11
Q

what are the earthquake hazards

A
  • injury
  • property damage
  • death
  • fire
  • tsunami
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12
Q

what to do before an earthquake

A
  • have an emergency kit at all times
  • familiarise yourself with emergency exit routes
  • participate in earthquake drills
  • duck, cover, and hold on
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13
Q

a landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft) above its surrounding area

A

mountain

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14
Q

highest mountain on earth

A

mt. everest

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15
Q

elevation above sea level of mt everest

A

8848m (29035ft)

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16
Q

what 2 countries’ border is mt everest located in

A
  • tibet
  • nepal
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17
Q

actual height , from base to peak, of mt everest

A

3600m (12000ft)

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18
Q

height of its summit over the surrounding terrain

A

peak of a mountain

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19
Q

a chain of mountains

A

mountain range

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20
Q

highest mountain range in the world

A

himalayas

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21
Q

what 2 plates collided to form the himalayas

A
  • indian plate
  • eurasian plate
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22
Q

what do long chains of mountain ranges joined together form, that extend for several hundred kilometers, often crossing continents

A

mountain belts

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23
Q

stretches across 7 south american countries

A

andes mountains

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24
Q

what two plates collided to form the andes mountains

A
  • pacific plate
  • south american plate
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25
Q

countries in andes mountains

A
  • argentina
  • chile
  • bolivia
  • peru
  • ecuador
  • colombia
  • venezuela
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26
Q

longest mountain range in the PH that runs along the northeast coast of luzon island

A

sierra madre

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27
Q

what are the provinces in sierra madre

A
  • aurora
  • bulacan
  • cagayan
  • isabela
  • laguna
  • nueva ecija
  • nueva vizcaya
  • quezon
  • quirino
  • rizal
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28
Q

tsunamis can travel at speeds of up to ___

A

800km/h

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29
Q

things that should be in an emergency kit

A
  • food
  • medicines
  • personal items
  • important documents
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30
Q

all the major plates (7)

A
  • north american plate
  • south american plate
  • eurasian plate
  • indo-australian plate
  • antarctic plate
  • african plate
  • pacific plate
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31
Q

all the minor plates (8)

A
  • juan de fuca plate
  • cocos plate
  • scotia plate
  • philippine plate
  • nazca plate
  • arabian plate
  • indian plate
  • carribean plate
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32
Q

plates that contain mostly continental landmasses

A

continental plates

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33
Q

plates that form a portion of the ocean bottom

A

oceanic plates

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34
Q

-the movement of the lithosphere that produced the landforms on earth’s surface is stated in what
theory
- this theory explains the formation of earth’s crust and its movement
- associates earthquake, volcanoes, mountain formation, and other geophysical phenomena to the movement and interaction of the rigid played that make up earth’s crust

A

plate tectonic theory

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35
Q

german scientist who became interested in the way continents seemed to fit together at the boundaries

A

alfred wegener

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36
Q

a single landmass meaning “all land”

A

pangaea

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37
Q

similar patterns of rocks and fossils manifested in the southern hemisphere

A

gondwana sequence

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38
Q

describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time

A

continental drift theory

39
Q

is the study of magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials

A

paleomagnetism

40
Q

movement of materials caused by the difference in their temperature

A

convection currents

41
Q
  • the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards, pushing older crust away from the ridge
  • the ocean crusts were spreading away from the mid ocean ridges
A

seafloor spreading

42
Q
  • the process where one plate containing oceanic lithosphere descends beneath the adjacent plate
  • occurs when the old seafloor plunges back into the interior of the earth
A

subduction

43
Q
  • v shaped valleys that lie along the bottom of the oceans
  • deepest part of the oceans
44
Q
  • the plates lie atop of partially molten rock
  • upper layer of the earths mantle, below the lithosphere
A

asthenosphere

45
Q
  • occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other
  • the plates move apart to either side of the rift valleys
A

divergent boundaries

46
Q

another name for divergent boundaries

A

constructive boundaries

47
Q

why are divergent boundaries called constructive boundaries

A

because new material is added to the plates

48
Q

what is formed in divergent boundaries

A
  • oceans
  • new crust
  • rift valleys
  • underwater mountains and ridges
49
Q
  • occurs due to subduction
  • it is when two plates come together
A

convergent boundaries

50
Q

3 types of convergent boundaries

A
  • oceanic-continental
  • continental-continental
  • oceanic-oceanic
51
Q

when two continental plates move towards each other

A

continental-continental

52
Q

when a oceanic plate and a continental plate move towards each other

A

oceanic-continental

53
Q

when two oceanic plates move towards each other

A

oceanic-oceanic

54
Q

what is another name for convergent boundaries

A

destructive boundaries

55
Q

why are convergent boundaries named destructive boundaries

A

because plate material is subducted

56
Q

what is formed in oceanic-continental

A

volcanic arc

57
Q

what is formed in oceanic-oceanic

A
  • undersea volcanoes
  • island volcanoes
  • island arc
58
Q

what is formed in continental-continental

A

mountain range
plateau

59
Q

what is formed in convergent boundary

A
  • mountains
  • volcanoes
60
Q

plate boundary where plates slide past each other

A

transform boundary

61
Q

what is formed in a transform boundary

A
  • fault valley
  • undersea canyon
62
Q

what occurs most along transform boundaries

A

earthquakes

63
Q

3 layers of earth

A
  • crust
  • mantle
  • core
64
Q
  • crust and upper mantle make up what
  • it is the rigid outer part of the planet
A

lithosphere

65
Q
  • outermost layer of the earth and is made up of solid materials and minerals
  • it is where landforms such as volcanoes, valleys, and mountain ranges are formed
66
Q

what is between the crust and mantle

A

mohorovičić discontinuity

67
Q

consists of semiliquid rock

68
Q

extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature

69
Q

2 parts of the core

A
  • inner core
  • outer core
70
Q

part of the core that is solid

A

inner core

71
Q

part of the core that is believed to be liquid or have liquid properties

A

outer core

72
Q

is broken into several tectonic plates, which move at an extremely slow pace

A

lithosphere

73
Q

the most active volcanoes are located in which two volcanic belts

A
  • alpine-himalayan belt
  • circum-pacific belt / ring of fire
74
Q

2 most explosive volcanoes in the world and their locations

A
  • Mount St. Helens - Washington, USA
  • Mount Pinatubo - Philippines
75
Q
  • usually associated with seismic activity , presence of hot water spring, and changes in the elevation of the volcano’s crater
A

active volcano

76
Q

a volcano is considered ____ if it has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic indications of tectonic activity beneath the volcano

77
Q

a volcano that is not active or has not erupted for a long time

A

extinct volcano

78
Q

how many active volcanoes are in the PH

79
Q

all the active volcanoes in the Philippines are located along the

A

pacific ring of fire

80
Q

a hazard associated with volcanic activities, which can be triggered by heavy rainfall

81
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) when did it happen

A

january 24, 2018

82
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) how long did it last

83
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) lava was thrown how far into the atmosphere

84
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) danger zone was extended into what radius

A

9km radius

85
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) lava and a cloud of ash spewed out of the volcano for how many days prior to its eruption

A

more than 10 days

86
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) how many residents were forced to flee their homes

87
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) how many people were displaced as a result of this disaster

88
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) authorities raised the level of the scale from _ to _

89
Q

(recent mayon volcano eruption) how high did the plume of smoke reach into the sky

90
Q

temperature of lava

91
Q

how many lives have been lost in the past 300 years because of volcano eruptions and their aftermath

92
Q

a large system of underwater mountains

A

mid-ocean ridge

93
Q

deep crack in a mid-ocean ridge

A

rift valley

mga ano ni bon (3 decks)

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