Earth Science Flashcards
Study of the atmosphere
Meteorology
Physical nature and history of earth
Geology
deals with the world and its inhabitants
Geography
Study of minerals
Mineralogy
science comes from what latin word?
Scientia
Scientia means?
knowledge
Shape of the earth
oblate spheroid
age of earth
4.5 or 4.6 Billion years old
age of universe
13.7 billion years old
Earth rotation?
clockwise
application of scientific knowledge
Technology
search for practical uses of information
Applied Science
gathering of information
Pure Science
States the universe comes from a single dot which is very hot and extremely dense and in a matter of seconds, it expands until it reaches its peak.
Big Bang Theory
responsible for the prediction of almost similar shape to describe the earth.
Isaac Newton
four subsystem of the earth
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Due to the rotation, the earths sphere is also distorted by
centrifugal force
Is the portion of the earth that includes interior structure, rocks and minerals, landforms and all physical processes on land that shape Earth’s surface as well as contents and ocean floor. Covers all the solid part of the Earth from its surface up to the deeper of the core.
Geosphere
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
CRUST
MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE
There are TWO TYPES OF CRUST
1 OCEANIC CRUST
2.CONTINENTAL CRUST
how thick
1. The THIN OCEANIC CRUST
2. The THICKER CONTINENTAL CRUST
- The THIN OCEANIC CRUST that lies beneath the oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick
- The THICKER CONTINENTAL CRUST that makes up the continents is about 15 to 70 km thick
The MANTLE, which lies just below the crust, is made mostly of
silicate rocks and magnesium and iron. It is about 2900 km thick. It has increasing temperatures at increasing depths.
The core, which has a radius of 3400 km, is the innermost layer of the earth. It is made up of
iron and nickel.
Encompasses all water found on the earth. Water about 70% od earth’s surface and most of its is water that makes the oceans
HYDROSPHERE
IMPORTANCE OF WATER – It has been associated with the existence of life and its is substance necessary for the sustenance of life on Earth.
- Water could be in liquid form, not just solid and gas
- Water has neutral PH level
- Water is a good conductor of heat and energy
- Water has a high specific heat
- Water is universal solvent
Water found on Earth’s surface. Surface water and ground water differ in the type and amount of minerals found in them. Either Marine or Freshwater
SURFACE WATER –
Has higher salt content can be found in large bodies of water such as ocean, seas, bags and gulf
a. MARINE WATER
2% water in the worlds has lower salt content: the best source of drinking water for all organism. These are lakes, rivers, springs and falls
b. FRESHWATER –
process how to make MARINE water potable (safe to drink)
DESALINATION –
is the water found beneath Earth’s surface where there are space in the soil or fracture in rocks
GROUNDWATER –
the process required for ground water to be used for drinking to avoid health problems
Distillation –
the underground layer of water – bearing rocks, acts a reservoir for underground and may contain large amount of minerals such as magnesium, calcium etc.
AQUIFER –
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The present is composed 78% nitrogen and 20% of oxygen; the rest is of other gases such as carbon dioxide argon and water vapor
Comes from ancient planetary bodies that float around during the formation of the early earth. Known as not very reactive; It stays in the atmosphere unless is triggered to be converted to another form.
NITROGEN GAS –
layers of atmosphere
exosphere
thermosphere
mesosphere
stratosphere
troposphere
Physical properties of Minerals
Hardness
Luster
Transparency
Color
Iridescence
Streak
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific gravity
Tenacity
is the comparative property and so is indicated by a harder mineral being able to scratch a softer one. Mohs’ scale of hardness - presents varying hardness which runs from 1-10 degrees of soft to hard
- Hardness
Chemical Properties of Minerals
This classification was first used in
1848
by James Dana, a Yale University professor.
made up of ions of iron, magnesium, calcium and other elements
FERROMAGNESIAN
do not have iron and magnesium
NON-FERROMAGNESIAN
- contain a basic silicon- oxygen tetrahedral unit either alone or connected together in the crystal structure. Subgroups: olivine, augite, hornblende and biotite
Silicates
- comprises 8% of the minerals on the Earth’s crust. It is divided into 8 groups:
II. Non-silicates
- mostly found deposited in marine environments. ex. Calcite, dolomite
carbonates
-has important metals such as copper, lead, and silver ex Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite
sulphides
-contains minerals with phosphorus.ex. Apatite, arsenic, vanadium
phosphates
- usually form in lakes, ponds and other landlocked seas ex. Halite, fluorite
halides
formed as precipitates close to Earth’s surface or as oxidation products of minerals during the process of weathering. ex. Aluminum oxides, hematite, magnetite
oxides-
forms in areas with high evaporation rates and where salty waters slowly evaporate. ex. Anhydrite, gypsum, hydroxides
sulphates-
contain metals and intermetallic elements. ex. Sulfur, diamond,
native elements-
The study of rocks
petrology
