Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Final Exam > Earth Science > Flashcards

Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

nuclear reactions occur when atoms of one species of chemical element are transformed into atoms of another species by nuclear change.

A

Nuclear Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the splitting of heavy atoms into lighter atoms

A

fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

combination of two light atoms to form a heavier atom

A

fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Some of the radioactive elements that
decay are:

A

a. Uranium -235
b. Uranium – 238
c. Thorium -232

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a form of energy conversion in which heat energy from within Earth is captured and harnessed

A

Geothermal Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a form of energy conversion in which heat energy from within Earth is captured and harnessed

A

Geothermal Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Advantages of Geothermal

A

Good for the Environment, Reliable Source of Renewable Energy, Less electricity, Little to No Maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disadvantages of Geothermal

A

Ecological problem, Geographical limits, Seismic instability, Expensive construction, Possible tank exhaustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the power generated by the energy from falling water or fast running water

A

Hydroelectric Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Advantages of Hydroelectric

A

Renewable, Do not pollute, Reliable, Adjustable water flow and output of electricity, Safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric

A

Environmental Consequences, Expensive, Droughts, Limited Reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describes the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity.

A

Wind power or wind energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is the movement of air caused by differences in atmospheric pressure

A

Wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a modern system usually have three long blades that spin and cause the turbines to generate electricity

A

Wind Farm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Advantages of Wind Energy

A

Clean energy, Renewable, Space-efficient, Low-cost energy, Promotes job growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

A

Unpredictable, Threat to birds, Noise, Need to be built high, Location limitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

energy harnessed from the light and heat of the Sun

A

Solar energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Advantages of Solar

A

pollution free, Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels, Renewable, Return on investment, no maintenance (last 30 years), Creates jobs, Use batteries to store extra power for use at night, Efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is the oldest source of energy, energy from biological material derived from living or recently deceased organisms

A

Biomass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disadvantages of Solar

A

High initial costs, Needs lots of space, No solar power at night, Cloudy days do not produce as much energy, Not massed produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Advantages of Biomass

A

Renewable, Carbon Neutrality, Versatile, Availability, Reduce Waste, Domestic Production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disadvantages of Biomass

A

Not Completely Clean, Burning wood and other plant life does create other emissions in addition to carbon, High Costs in Comparison to Other Alternatives, Possible Deforestation, Space, Requires Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

are thermal power stations which generate electrical energy from heat

A

Nuclear power plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

generate electrical energy from heat

A

Thermal Power Stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

houses several turbines as well as the generator necessary for electrical power generation

A

Turbine Building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where the nuclear reactor is housed

A

Containment Building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tall as 200 meters, where hot water is cooled

A

Cooling Tower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is a fresh water found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface, the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on earth

A

Groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

water bearing rock layers. Hold ground water in tiny cracks,
cavities, and pores between mineral grains

A

Aquifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is the total amount of empty pores spaces in the rock, it determines the amount of groundwater that an aquifer can hold

A

Porosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the ability of rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it

A

Permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

spaces between the particles
are filled mainly with air

A

Zone of aeration/unsaturated zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

spaces between the particles are filled with water

A

Zone of saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

boundary between the zone of saturation

A

Water table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

groundwater seeps up to fill the pores spaces in the zone of aeration by capillary action

A

Capillary fringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

land area where water enters
the ground and replenish the ground water

A

Recharged zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

area where the ground water flows out of the aquifer and onto land surface or even in submarine environment

A

Discharged zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Activities Affecting the Quality of Water

A
  1. Population Growth
  2. Movement of large number of people
  3. Demands for greater food security and higher living standards
  4. Increase competition between different uses of water resources
  5. Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

are the places where water resides for varying amount of time

A

Reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the process of liquid water changes into water vapor

A

Evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

evaporation of water from the leaves and the stems of the plant

A

Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

passage of water and food

A

Vascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

attracted to the roots of the plant and moves upward

A

Xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

food substance is going down

A

Phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the process of movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

Law of Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the protective layer of the plant

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

water selectively goes in the cell membrane

A

Process of Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

where the extra amount of water (water droplets) passes through

A

Stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to gas phase without passing through intermediate liquid phase ex. dry ice

A

Sublimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

change from vapor into liquid or solid

A

Condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

process where water from atmosphere is transferred to earth’s surface in liquid or solid form as rain, snow, or hail

A

Precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

also known as the water cycle

A

Hydrologic Cyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the total amount of water in the planet, also known as the Earth’s water budget

A

Earth’s Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Global world ocean covers 71% of earth numerous seas, gulfs, bays and straits

A

Saltwater reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

refers to the saltiness of saltwater

A

Salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Principal source of the elements dissolve in the seawater are _________ and __________

A

weathering, volcanic eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface to a depth of 100m. This layer is only about 2% of the water in the ocean but it is the home of the most marine plants and animals

A

Surface Layer/Epipelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

in this layer the temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth, at high altitudes, this layer reaches the surface and extends up to 1500 m

A

Thermocline/ Mesopelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

in this layer the temperature is uniformly low, 80% of the water in the ocean is in this layer

A

Deep Zone/Bathypelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Mostly freswater on earth are stored in ______

A

glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow

A

Glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km2

A

Ice Sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

refers to a soil or sediments that is frozen for more than two consecutive years

A

Permafrost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Surface Water Reservoir
Includes the following:

A

a. Lakes and wetlands where water from rainfall
b. Melting snow and ice
c. Groundwater flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

they represent 0.3% of earth’s total water resources. These resources is harnessed for irrigation, recreation, transport, fishing, drinking and hydropower

A

Surface Water Reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

a moving body of surface water that flows downslope towards the sea level because of gravity. It has crearly defined passageway or channels; water is narrow and ground is inclined. Are interconnected and form a tree-shaped network of small streams, maiing up the branches and joined to a large mainstream

A

Stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

smaller streams are also called

A

tributaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The land area in which where the water flow into a particular stream is called a

A

drainage basin or watershed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

the line that separates individual drainage basin is called the

A

drainage divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The narrow-elongated landform separating individual streams within a basin is called

A

interfluve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

During heavy rainwater moves downhill in a process called

A

overland flow

69
Q

After a short distance, the water enters the channels and become,

A

streamflow

70
Q

is a stream with a considerable volume and well-defined channel

A

River

71
Q

are large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper surface is exposed to the atmosphere and is essentially flat

A

Lakes

72
Q

provide fresh water for irrigation industrial, municipal, residentia and recreational purposes. Can also be used as transportation routes

A

Lakes

73
Q

are small shallow lakes

A

Ponds

74
Q

barriers constructed along streams to contain the flow of water

A

Dams

75
Q

land areas where water covers the surface for significant period

A

Wetlands

76
Q

Characteristics of Wetlands

A
  • They vary in size from relatively large to small in steep areas
  • Filled with diverse species both in land and water
    Fragile and sensitive ecosystem to the amount and quality of water
  • Constitute about 8.5% of the total land surface and atmospheric water
77
Q

The largest wetland in Philippines is __________ found in the province of Maguindanao, North Cotabato and sultan Kudarat

A

Ligawasan Marsh

78
Q

is a shallow wetland around the lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are dominant vegetation

A

Marsh

79
Q

a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow moving rivers

A

Swamp

80
Q

a partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea. Home of many organisms that can tolerate the sharp changes in salinity due to the constant change of salt content

A

Estuary

81
Q

a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water, also occur even during dry periods when natural or human made reservoirs collapse

A

Flood

82
Q

Occurs when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel

A

Fluvial or riverine flood

83
Q

characterized by intense, high velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice

A

Flashfloods

84
Q

Occurs when water overwhelms in low lying areas along the coast, usually due to severe weather conditions

A

Coastal Flooding

85
Q

occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing stream, common in urban areas when drainage systems are clogged

A

Surface water flood

86
Q

_________ plays an important role in reducing flood

A

Vegetation

87
Q

an essential component of the earth that enables life to exist on the planet and continues to support it.

A

Soil

88
Q

is the foundation of terrestrial life on the planet. Derived from Greek word pedon
which means soil and sfaira which means sphere

A

Pedosphere

89
Q

The Components of Soil

A

Composed of 45% minerals (gravel, silt, sand, and clay) 25% air, 25 % water, and 5% organic matter (humus, roots, and dead and decaying organisms)

90
Q

Soil Formation

A
  • soil form when rock weathers
  • soil formation maybe slow or rapid process, depending on the factors at play
91
Q

Five Factors that Affect Soil Formation

A
  1. Parent Material
  2. Climate
  3. Topography
  4. Biological Factors
  5. Time
92
Q

is defined as the relative proportion of the particle sizes in the soil sand, salt and clay

A

Soil Texture

93
Q

one of the tools that soil scientists use to visualize and understand the meaning of soil texture names

A

Soil Texture Triangle

94
Q

person who studies soil

A

Pedologist

95
Q

refers to the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human survival and quality of life

A

Ecosystem Services

96
Q

include recycling of vital nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus

A

Support Services

97
Q

provide the basic needs for survival like water, air, shelter, food, and energy

A

Provisioning services

98
Q

benefits obtain from regulating the climate, hazards, and diseases through the process such as carbon sequestration

A

Regulating Services

99
Q

include non-material enrichment, cultural heritage, recreation, tourism, and the aesthetic experience that provides for human

A

Cultural services

100
Q

includes materials that people in a community no longer want because they are broken, spoiled, or no longer useful

A

Municipal waste

101
Q

a common form of waste derived from farming and poultry

A

Agricultural Waste

102
Q

From industrial sources other than mining. It includes a variety of materials such as demolition waste, scraps, from manufacturing processes and ash from combustion

A

Industrial Solid Waste

103
Q

Mining Waste is generated in three ways:

A

A. In most mining operations, large amounts of rock and soil are removed to extract the valuable ores and waste materials are left outside the mining site.

B. Milling operations, the grinding and sorting of materials produce solid waste called tailings, which are dumped and stored in ponds near the milling site.

C. Water that is pumped from mines flows from piles of waste rock or tailings that contain hazardous materials

104
Q

cheapest and most convenient method

A

Landfill

105
Q

involves burning in a controlled manner using an incinerator

A

Incineration

106
Q

one of the simplest methods to dispose waste at home

A

Mulch and compost

107
Q

is the method of allowing the natural process of decomposition to transform organic materials into humuslike materials called compost.

A

Composting

108
Q

refers to the method of designing, manufacturing, purchasing, using, and reusing materials so that the amount of waste or its toxicity is reduced

A

Source Reduction

109
Q

method of collecting throw away materials and turning them into useful products.

A

Recycling

110
Q

5 S

A
  1. SORT (Seiri)
  2. SET IN ORDER (Seiton)
  3. SHINE (Seiso)
  4. STANDARDIZE (Seiketsu)
  5. SUSTAIN (Shitsuke)
111
Q

is formed as a result of the interaction between the wind and soil in the form of sand grains.

A

Sand dunes

112
Q

a mound of sand formed by the wind, usually along the beach or in a desert. Form when wind blows sand into a sheltered area behind an obstacle.

A

Dune

113
Q

the combined action of all processes that cause rock to disintegrate physically and decompose chemically because of exposure near Earth’s surface through the elements of weather. Is the actual breaking down of rock by the action of natural forces such as water, wind, plants and animals

A

Weathering

114
Q

elements of weather such as:

A

a. Temperature
b. Frost
c. Rainfall
d. Fog
e. ice

115
Q

Happens whenever rocks are broken up into smaller fragments without any chemical change in their composition

A

Physical Weathering

116
Q

How do these forces wear down rock?

A

due to the constant freezing and thawing of water in and around the rocks.

117
Q

a successive heating and cooling which causes the expansion and contraction of rocks

A

Block disintegration

118
Q

Results because of the intense heating of the rock’s outer layers

A

Exfoliation

119
Q

One of the most important physical weathering process in cold climates.

A

Frost Action

120
Q

is the process of breaking big rocks into little ones.

A

Mechanical Weathering

121
Q

Chemical change in rocks through formation of new compounds or formation of new substances

A

Chemical Weathering

122
Q

process in which atmospheric
oxygen reacts with the rock to produce oxides.

A

Oxidation

123
Q

process by which various types of carbonates are formed

A

Carbonation

124
Q

process by which water is absorbed by minerals of rock

A

Hydration

125
Q

process in which some of the minerals get dissolved in water

A

Dissolution

126
Q

Plants contribute to both mechanical and chemical weathering

A

Biological Weathering

127
Q

like earthworms, termites, rats, rabbits, and ants breakdown the rocks

A

Burrowing Animals

128
Q

Play an important role in weathering of rocks. Man breaks a large amount of rocks in the coarse of his activities

A

Human Beings

129
Q

the separation and removal of weathered and un-weathered rocks and soil from its substrate due to gravity or transporting agents like wind, ice, or water

A

Erosion

130
Q

process by which sediments are moved along from the source to where they are deposited

A

Transport

131
Q

Commonly occurs in flat bare areas or dry, sandy, and loose soils. Damage the land and natural vegetation by removing soil from one place and depositing it in another area such as farmland or built-up areas.

A

Wind Erosion

132
Q

a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow and shows evidence of movement due to gravity

A

Glacier

133
Q

is the most common erosion agent

A

Water

134
Q

Rolling or dragging of large grains aided by the push of smaller grains

A

Traction

135
Q

Bouncing of sand grains as they are picked-up, carried along, and dropped repeatedly

A

Saltation

136
Q

Movement of fine particles like silt and clay

A

Suspension

137
Q

Movement of soluble materials (salt)

A

Solution

138
Q

Factors that contribute to the occurrence of mass wasting

A
  1. Relief
  2. Slope Stability
  3. Fragmentation and Weathering
138
Q

Refers to the downslope movement of the rock and soil under the influence of gravity. Natural process and is considered a natural hazard

A

Mass Wasting

139
Q

a molten rock found beneath the surface of the earth

A

Magma

140
Q

the degree of resistance to flow is called _______

A

Viscosity

141
Q

Formation of Magma

A

formed under certain circumstances in special locations deep in the crust or in upper mantle

142
Q

melting can occur when temperature stays the same but the pressure decreases

A

Decompression and melting

143
Q

when volatiles or gaseous substances are added into the hot solid rocks. Water vapor or carbon dioxide react with the rocks and weaken their bonds to change from solid to liquid. Usually occurs in subduction zone

A

Flux melting

144
Q

melting of surrounding rocks caused by a very hot magma bringing in additional heat

A

Heat transfer melting

145
Q

different rock minerals melt over a range of temperature

A

Eutectic Temperature

146
Q

when rock begin to melt but only certain minerals are melted

A

Partial melting

147
Q

when magma is separated from rock
that has not undergone complete melting

A

Fractionation

148
Q

magma that formed first tend to be _________

A

richer in silica

149
Q

are visible manifestation of the process of rock formation, a vent that serves as the conduit of lava or molten rock that reaches Earth’s surface

A

Volcano

150
Q

the funnel-shaped depression where materials are ejected is called ________

A

crater

151
Q

the event when the lava is spews out of the volcano

A

Eruption

152
Q

is dominated by the flow of lava and
formation of fountain and lakes

A

Effusive eruption

153
Q

eject ash and larger fragments of broken up pyroclastic materials forming ash clouds that eventually collapse and cover the slope of the volcano

A

Explosive Eruption

154
Q

lava with low silica content are less viscous and flow rapidly generating _________

A

effusive eruption

155
Q

________ is associated with
lava having high silica content and is more viscous

A

explosive eruption

156
Q

forms a very broad dome with gentle slope that covers a very wide area, mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and cinder accumulation

A

Shield Volcano

157
Q

are granular materials formed by lava fountain

A

cinders

158
Q

composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials, generally composed of intermediate to felsic rocks and they tend to build large and high volcanic edifice

A

Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes

159
Q

Example of stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes

A

Mount Mayon and mount Pinatubo

160
Q

consists of small cone formed by spattering of lava

A

Cinder Cone

161
Q

Example of Cinder Cone

A

Binitiang Malaki

162
Q

effusive reaction

A

Lava flow deposit

163
Q

lava with smooth surface

A

Pahoehoe

164
Q

lava with a very rough surface

A

AA

165
Q

eruptions that produce pure volcanic glass

A

Obsidian

166
Q

made of volcanic glass but with frothy texture characterized by lots of open spaces caused by gas bubbles

A

Pumice

167
Q

fragmental materials of various grain size produce by volcano

A

Pyroclastic debris

168
Q

are pea- to marble-size fragment of lava

A

Lapilli

169
Q

are very fine particles composed of glass shards, crystals, and fragments of existing rocks

A

Volcanic ash

170
Q

lithified volcanic ash

A

Tuff

171
Q

the blobs of lava that are thrown into the air and develops a streamlined and smooth shape fragments

A

Bombs

172
Q

larger non-streamlined chunks of lava or preexisting rock

A

Blocks

173
Q

the pyroclastic mixed with water

A

Lahar

Final Exam (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions