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EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

The largest division of time

A

Eon

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2
Q

Internal processes that occur within the earth

A

Endogenic Process

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3
Q

main endogenic processes

A

FOLDING & FAULTING or Tectonic Movements

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4
Q

Where do endogenic processes take place?

A

Plate bounderies

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5
Q

The processes by which folds formed are due to compressional forces

A

FOLDING

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6
Q

When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into _____?

A

FOLDS

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7
Q

2 SCALE FOLDS

A

large scale folds and small scale folds

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8
Q

It is found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.

A

Large scale folds

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9
Q

The fracturing and displacement of more
brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression.

A

FAULTING

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10
Q

A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred

A

FAULT

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11
Q

These lines are often lining of weakness which allow molten rock to rise onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic activity nearby

A

FAULTING

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12
Q

TYPES OF FAULT

A

Dip-slip fault
Strike-slip fault

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13
Q

occurs when the movement of
the two blocks are vertical.

A

Dip-slip Fault

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14
Q

A type of fault described by vertical movement.

A

Dip-slip Fault

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15
Q

occurs when the movement of the two
blocks is horizontal. (Transform or Lateral Movement)

A

Strike-slip Fault

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16
Q

OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

A

Volcanism

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17
Q

Also known as magmatism

A

VOLCANISM

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18
Q

When folding and faulting occur cracks
o r fr a c t u r e s w h i c h a r e l i n e s o f
weakness are created.

A

Volcanism

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19
Q

This allows magma to rise along the lines of
weakness and intrude into the crust

A

Volcanism

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20
Q

Mixture of melted rock and trapped gases that buoyantly rises toward the earth’s surface

A

Magma

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21
Q

Mixture of minerals and gases and results in
different types of lava flows

A

Magma

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22
Q

Types of Volcanoes

A

CINDER CONE
COMPOSITE VOLCANO
SHIELD VOLCANO

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23
Q

simplest type of volcano

A

CINDER CONE VOLCANO

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24
Q

Rarely rise higher than 300 meters above ground
level

Mostly have bowl-shaped crater at the summit and
rarely rise more than a thousand feet

A

CINDER CONE VOLCANO

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25
Q

Sometimes called strato volcanoes

A

COMPOSITE VOLCANOES

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26
Q

Typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks and bombs

May rise as much as 8,000 ft

A

COMPOSITE VOLCANOES

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27
Q

Built almost entirely of fluid lava flows

A

SHIELD VOLCANO

28
Q

Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that of a warrior shield.

A

SHIELD VOLCANO

29
Q

An endogenic process which
occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of metamorphic rocks

A

Metamorphism

30
Q

A sudden shaking or
vibration in the earth’s crust.

A

Earthquake/(Seismic
Activity)

31
Q

The area beneath the earth’s
surface wherein rocks under
stress undergo breakage

A

FOCUS (hypocenter)

32
Q

It is the point of first break in
a fault during an earthquake

A

FOCUS (hypocenter)

33
Q

The point on the surface directly above the focus

A

EPICENTER

34
Q

are vibrations that move
out from the focus in all
directions during an earthquake

A

SEISMIC WAVES

35
Q

an instrument that records and
measures seismic waves

A

Seismograph

36
Q

depth from the earth’s
surface to the region where an
earthquake’s energy originates

A

FOCAL DEPTH

37
Q

KINDS OF EARTHQUAKES

A

SHALLOW EARTHQUAKE
INTERMEDIATE EARTHQUAKES
DEEP - FOCUSED EARTHQUAKES

38
Q

occur within the depth of
the continental crust

have focal depths from
the surface to about 70 km

A

Shallow Earthquake

39
Q

occur in the upper part of
the mantle having focal depths
from about 70-300 km

A

Intermediate Earthquake

40
Q

occur in the lower part of
the upper mantle

have focal depths from
about 300-700km

A

Deep Focused Earthquake

41
Q

Scientists use 2 methods to determine the age of fossils:

A

Relative and Absolute dating

42
Q

Determining how old
something is compared to
something else

A

Relative dating

43
Q

Use words like “older” or
“younger” instead of exact
numbers

A

relative dating

44
Q

Rules of Relative Dating

A

Law of Superposition
Law of Original Horizontality
Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships
Law of Inclusion

45
Q

When sedimentary
rock layers are deposited, younger layers
are on top of older deposits.

A

Law of Superposition

46
Q

Sedimentary rock layers are deposited horizontally. If they are tilted, folded, or broken, it happened later.

A

Law of Original Horizontality

47
Q

If an igneous intrusion or a fault cuts through
existing rocks, the intrusion/fault is
YOUNGER than the rock it cuts through

A

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

48
Q

If rock or rock fragments are included within another rock layer, the rock fragments must be older than the rock layer they were embedded

A

Law of Inclusion

49
Q

A surface that corresponds
with a gap in sedimentation
resulting from nondeposition
or erosion.

A

Unconformity

50
Q

Rocks above any
unconformity are ____ than those below it.

A

younger

51
Q

Types of unconformity

A

Angular Unconformity
Disconformity
Nonconformity

52
Q

The rocks below the unconformity are tilted. The rocks above it are parallel

A

Angular Unconformity

53
Q

The bed above and below the surface are parallel. It can be recognized by correlating one area to another and discovering some strata are missing in one area.

A

Disconformity

54
Q

Intrusive igneous or metamorphic rocks are overlain by sedimentary rocks. It occurs if the metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks undergo uplift erosion and the overlain sedimentary rocks.

A

Nonconformity

55
Q

Determining how
old something is Use numbers (in
millions of years,
mya)

Only works for
Igneous Rocks

A

Absolute dating

56
Q

Determines the specific age of
a fossil

Looks at chemical properties

A

Absolute Dating

57
Q

2 types of absolute dating

A

Carbon-14 (radiocarbon)
Potassium-Argon

58
Q

Also known as Radiocarbon dating

A

Carbon-14 (radiocarbon)

59
Q

Used to date organic substances

A

Carbon-14 (radiocarbon)

60
Q

Scientists measure the radiocarbon in the
fossil to determine its age

Can only date specimens up to about
60,000 years old

A

Carbon-14 (radiocarbon)

61
Q

Scientists determine the age of the
rock surrounding the fossil to
determine the fossil’s age.

A

Potassium-Argon Dating

62
Q

Used only for inorganic substances
(rocks and minerals)

A

Potassium-Argon Dating

63
Q

Scientists measure the amount of
argon in the rock to determine its age

Dates rock 60,000 years old and
older

A

Potassium-Argon Dating

64
Q

When magma/lava cools,
radioactive elements are
incorporated into the minerals

A

How Absolute Dating Works

65
Q

How Absolute Dating Works

A
  • These elements begin to decay at
    a known rate starting when the rock
    cools
  • We can measure how much of the
    element is left
  • Tells us how much time has
    passed since the rock formed.
66
Q

No life possible as the Earth initially forms
?

A

4.6 billion years ago

67
Q

No life possible as the Earth
initially forms 4.6 billion years
ago.

A

The Proterozoic Eon

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