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1ST Sem > EARTH SCI > Flashcards

EARTH SCI Flashcards

1
Q

how do water form clouds?

A

it evaporates and condenses

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2
Q

it is the release of hail, rain or snow from the clouds that is saturated with water

A

Precipitation

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3
Q

when water absorbed by the surface nourishes the plants as well as replenishing ground water sources

A

infiltration

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4
Q

when the surface can no longer absorb the water due to its volume

A

Surface flow/runoff

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5
Q

the movement of water through the subsystems of the earth

A

Evapotranspiration

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6
Q

2 Categories of water use

A

Withdrawal and Consumption

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7
Q

any use of water that returns it to earth from its source

A

Withdrawal

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8
Q

any use of water that returns it far from the source

A

Consumption

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9
Q

freshwater from underground

A

Groundwater

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10
Q

natural formations where water accumulates underground

A

Aquifers

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11
Q

the boundary between aquifers and the soil surface

A

Water table

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12
Q

below the aquifer where water cannot flow through

A

Impermeable rock

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13
Q

the area from where the ground sinks from the original water table, develops around the well where water is withdrawn

A

Cone of depression

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14
Q

aims to protect the Philippine’s water bodies from land based pollution

A

The Philippines clean water act of 2004 (R.A 9275)

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15
Q

weathered bedrocks

A

soil

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16
Q

loose broken fragments from bedrocks

A

Regolith

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17
Q

very small pore spaces inhibiting the transmission of air and water that cause lack of oxygen in rooting plants

A

clay soil

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18
Q

equal parts of sand, silt, and clay

A

loam soil

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19
Q

has the capacity to retain water and has the ability to absorb and exchange more nutrients and elements

A

clay

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20
Q

4 main characteristics of soil

A

Soil Depth
Soil texture
Soil Structure
Organic Matter

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21
Q

thickness of soil from the bedrock

A

soil depth

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22
Q

the amount of sand silt and clay

A

Soil texture

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23
Q

the type and size of soil aggregates and influences size distribution of pores in soil

A

Soil structure

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24
Q

amount of organic matter in the soil

A

Organic matter

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25
Q

decomposed litter

A

humus

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26
Q

layers of the soil

A

soil horizons

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27
Q

7 Soil Horizons and its property

A
  1. O Horizion- upper most layer that consists of organic litter
  2. Top soil- combination of O and A horizons
  3. A horizion- has mixture of humus, sand, silt, clay
  4. E Horizon- the layer between A snd B horizon where leaching happens (translocation of decaying matter)
  5. B horizon- subsoil/zone of accumulation
  6. C horizon- has partially weathered bedrocks
  7. R Horizon- bedrock
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28
Q

8 Effects of poor soil managements

A
  1. Soil Pollution
  2. Erosion
  3. Dessertification
  4. Acidification
  5. Salinization
  6. Deforestation
  7. Heavy metal contamination
  8. Eutrophication
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29
Q

contamination of toxic subtances including solid wates

A

Soil Pollution

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30
Q

detached soil particles

A

Erosion

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31
Q

poor quality vegetation

A

dessertification

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32
Q

pH decrease as soil becomes more acidic

A

Acidification

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33
Q

build up of salt on the soil surface

A

Salinization

34
Q

removal of forest

A

deforestation

35
Q

contamination of water and soil due to metals

A

heavy metal contamination

36
Q

depletes oxygen because of algaes formed by excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus

A

Eutrophication

37
Q

5 Classifications of Wastes

A
  1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
  2. Industrial Solid Waste
  3. Agricultural Waste
  4. Hazardous Waste
  5. Wastewater
38
Q

4 factors the causes plastic crisis in the Philippines

A
  1. Single-use culture
  2. Inadequate waste management
  3. Lack of awareness
  4. Economic pressures
39
Q

model of production and consumption

A

Circular economy

40
Q

It is not based on the burning of fossil fuels

A

Renewable energy

41
Q

it is the conversion of sunlight into electricity

A

Solar energy

42
Q

powered by the movement of the wind across wind turbines

A

Wind Energy

43
Q

uses the force of flowing water to produce electricity

A

Hydroelectric energy

44
Q

captures energy from ocean waves

A

Wave energy

45
Q

the result of nuclear and chemical reactions happening inside the earth’s core

A

Geothermal Energy

46
Q

energy produced by organic matter

A

Biofuel

47
Q

It is the organic wastes

A

Biomass

48
Q

Energy sources that runs out

A

Non-renewable energy

49
Q

Solid carbon-rich material that is found in sedimentary deposits

A

Coal

50
Q

formed from the remains of plants and animals that existed million years ago

A

Oil

51
Q

A fossil fuel that contains many different compounds

A

Natural Gas

52
Q

released from the nucleus made up of protons and neutrons

A

Nuclear Energy

53
Q

physical processes which create and modify landforms on the surface of the earth

A

Geomorphic Procosses

54
Q

degradation and aggradation that modifies relief

A

Exogenous Processes

55
Q

Its examples are gravity, flowing water, moving ice, waves, animals, humans and wind

A

Geomorphic Agents

56
Q

involves weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and transportation

A

Degradation Processes/Denudation

57
Q

disintegration and decomposition of rocks that produces regolith

A

Weathering

58
Q

disintegration of rocks via weather elements

A

Physical Weathering

59
Q

3 Types of Physical Weathering

A
  1. Exfoliation
  2. Frost Wedging
  3. Salt Wedging
60
Q

disintegration of rocks through chemical change in its minerals

A

Chemical Weathering

61
Q

3 types of chemical weathering

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Carbonation and Solution
62
Q

downslope movement of rock, soil, and other debris due to the pull of gravity

A

Mass Wasting

63
Q

Factors of mass wasting

A

1.Angle of Repose
2.Water
3.Soil Cover
4.Geologic Features
5.Triggering Events

64
Q

3 types of Endogenous Processes

A

1.Tectonic Processes
2. Igneous Processes
3. Metamorphism

65
Q

3 types of Igneous processes

A
  1. Decompression Melting
  2. Transfer of Heat
  3. Flux melting
66
Q

formation of intrusive igneous rock by solidification of magma beneath the earth’s surface

A

Plutonism

67
Q

below the lithosphere

A

Astehenosphere

68
Q

the earth’s plates are constantly moving that scientific hypotheses were developed

A

Plate tectonics

69
Q

what are plates made of?

A

Lithosphere

70
Q

supercontinent during the Paleozoic Era

A

Pangaea

71
Q

gigantic ocean that surrounds Pangaea

A

Panthalassa

72
Q

He invented the continental drift theory

A

Alfred Wegener

73
Q

Reasons why continental drift theory is rejected (4)

A
  1. Most influential scientists were based in the Northern Hemisphere but most of the data came from the Southern Hemisphere

2.There were other alternative explanations to the distribution of fossils and glacial deposits

3.There was no force strong enough to make continents able to plough through the oceanic crust

4.Pangaea was a far too young age and scientists found it unbelievable to move in such a short time

74
Q

Who proposed sea-floor theory

A

Harry Hess

75
Q

He made a detailed magnetic survey

A

H.M.S Owen

76
Q

it is the new ocean crust that is being created at the mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at trenches

A

Sea-floor Spreading Theory

77
Q

Evidence that supports the sea floor spreading (3)

A
  1. Molten Material - rock pillows show that molten material has erupted again and again from cracks along the mid-ocean ridge and cooled quickly
  2. Magnetic Striping - magnetized stripes which hold a record of the reversals in Earth’s magnetic field
  3. Oceanic Drilling Samples - younger rocks found in the center of the ridge while older rocks were farther
78
Q

Types of Plate movement (3)

A
  1. Convergent
  2. Divergent
  3. Lateral Plate (Strike-slip)
79
Q

it is a plate movement that creates mountains and trenches

A

Convergent

80
Q

plate movement that creates ridges

A

Divergent

1ST Sem (8 decks)

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