EARTH SCI Flashcards by Kobe Labso

how do water form clouds?

it evaporates and condenses

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it is the release of hail, rain or snow from the clouds that is saturated with water

Precipitation

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when water absorbed by the surface nourishes the plants as well as replenishing ground water sources

infiltration

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when the surface can no longer absorb the water due to its volume

Surface flow/runoff

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the movement of water through the subsystems of the earth

Evapotranspiration

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2 Categories of water use

Withdrawal and Consumption

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any use of water that returns it to earth from its source

Withdrawal

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any use of water that returns it far from the source

Consumption

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freshwater from underground

Groundwater

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natural formations where water accumulates underground

Aquifers

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the boundary between aquifers and the soil surface

Water table

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below the aquifer where water cannot flow through

Impermeable rock

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the area from where the ground sinks from the original water table, develops around the well where water is withdrawn

Cone of depression

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aims to protect the Philippine’s water bodies from land based pollution

The Philippines clean water act of 2004 (R.A 9275)

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weathered bedrocks

soil

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loose broken fragments from bedrocks

Regolith

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very small pore spaces inhibiting the transmission of air and water that cause lack of oxygen in rooting plants

clay soil

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equal parts of sand, silt, and clay

loam soil

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has the capacity to retain water and has the ability to absorb and exchange more nutrients and elements

clay

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4 main characteristics of soil

Soil Depth
Soil texture
Soil Structure
Organic Matter

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thickness of soil from the bedrock

soil depth

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the amount of sand silt and clay

Soil texture

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the type and size of soil aggregates and influences size distribution of pores in soil

Soil structure

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amount of organic matter in the soil

Organic matter

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decomposed litter

humus

layers of the soil

soil horizons

7 Soil Horizons and its property

1. O Horizion- upper most layer that consists of organic litter 2. Top soil- combination of O and A horizons 3. A horizion- has mixture of humus, sand, silt, clay 4. E Horizon- the layer between A snd B horizon where leaching happens (translocation of decaying matter) 5. B horizon- subsoil/zone of accumulation 6. C horizon- has partially weathered bedrocks 7. R Horizon- bedrock

8 Effects of poor soil managements

1. Soil Pollution 2. Erosion 3. Dessertification 4. Acidification 5. Salinization 6. Deforestation 7. Heavy metal contamination 8. Eutrophication

contamination of toxic subtances including solid wates

Soil Pollution

detached soil particles

Erosion

poor quality vegetation

dessertification

pH decrease as soil becomes more acidic

Acidification

build up of salt on the soil surface

Salinization

removal of forest

deforestation

contamination of water and soil due to metals

heavy metal contamination

depletes oxygen because of algaes formed by excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus

Eutrophication

5 Classifications of Wastes

1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 2. Industrial Solid Waste 3. Agricultural Waste 4. Hazardous Waste 5. Wastewater

4 factors the causes plastic crisis in the Philippines

1. Single-use culture 2. Inadequate waste management 3. Lack of awareness 4. Economic pressures

model of production and consumption

Circular economy

It is not based on the burning of fossil fuels

Renewable energy

it is the conversion of sunlight into electricity

Solar energy

Wind Energy

uses the force of flowing water to produce electricity

Hydroelectric energy

captures energy from ocean waves

Wave energy

the result of nuclear and chemical reactions happening inside the earth's core

Geothermal Energy

energy produced by organic matter

Biofuel

It is the organic wastes

Biomass

Energy sources that runs out

Non-renewable energy

Solid carbon-rich material that is found in sedimentary deposits

Coal

formed from the remains of plants and animals that existed million years ago

Oil

A fossil fuel that contains many different compounds

Natural Gas

released from the nucleus made up of protons and neutrons

Nuclear Energy

physical processes which create and modify landforms on the surface of the earth

Geomorphic Procosses

degradation and aggradation that modifies relief

Exogenous Processes

Its examples are gravity, flowing water, moving ice, waves, animals, humans and wind

Geomorphic Agents

involves weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and transportation

Degradation Processes/Denudation

disintegration and decomposition of rocks that produces regolith

Weathering

disintegration of rocks via weather elements

Physical Weathering

3 Types of Physical Weathering

1. Exfoliation 2. Frost Wedging 3. Salt Wedging

disintegration of rocks through chemical change in its minerals

Chemical Weathering

3 types of chemical weathering

1. Oxidation 2. Hydrolysis 3. Carbonation and Solution

downslope movement of rock, soil, and other debris due to the pull of gravity

Mass Wasting

Factors of mass wasting

1.Angle of Repose 2.Water 3.Soil Cover 4.Geologic Features 5.Triggering Events

3 types of Endogenous Processes

1.Tectonic Processes 2. Igneous Processes 3. Metamorphism

3 types of Igneous processes

1. Decompression Melting 2. Transfer of Heat 3. Flux melting

formation of intrusive igneous rock by solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface

Plutonism

below the lithosphere

Astehenosphere

the earth's plates are constantly moving that scientific hypotheses were developed

Plate tectonics

what are plates made of?

Lithosphere

supercontinent during the Paleozoic Era

Pangaea

gigantic ocean that surrounds Pangaea

Panthalassa

He invented the continental drift theory

Alfred Wegener

Reasons why continental drift theory is rejected (4)

1. Most influential scientists were based in the Northern Hemisphere but most of the data came from the Southern Hemisphere 2.There were other alternative explanations to the distribution of fossils and glacial deposits 3.There was no force strong enough to make continents able to plough through the oceanic crust 4.Pangaea was a far too young age and scientists found it unbelievable to move in such a short time

Who proposed sea-floor theory

Harry Hess

He made a detailed magnetic survey

H.M.S Owen

it is the new ocean crust that is being created at the mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at trenches

Sea-floor Spreading Theory

Evidence that supports the sea floor spreading (3)

1. Molten Material - rock pillows show that molten material has erupted again and again from cracks along the mid-ocean ridge and cooled quickly 2. Magnetic Striping - magnetized stripes which hold a record of the reversals in Earth’s magnetic field 3. Oceanic Drilling Samples - younger rocks found in the center of the ridge while older rocks were farther

Types of Plate movement (3)

1. Convergent 2. Divergent 3. Lateral Plate (Strike-slip)

it is a plate movement that creates mountains and trenches

Convergent

plate movement that creates ridges

Divergent