Earth and Science Flashcards
a Belgian priest, is considered as the first proponent of the big bang theory
Georges Lamaitre
A giant cloud of dust and gas in space
Nebula
the formation of our solar system and other planetary systems
Nebular Hypothesis – Immanuel Kant
Elements heavier than iron, such as gold, platinum, and uranium, are often produced in ————– and then distributed into space
supernova explosions
- The Earth was no longer bombarded by meteorites and the surface was cool enough for bodies of water and primitive sedimentary rocks to form
- Living organisms started to exist
Emergence of life on earth
the Mars-size body collided with Earth, throwing vaporized chunks of the young planet’s crust into space
Theia
The lowest layer of our atmosphere
Troposphere
Extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50km above the ground
Stratosphere
Gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth and constitutes the transition between land mass and vacumm of space
Atmosphere
Extends upward to a height of about 85km above our planet
Mesosphere
Reaches over 560 kilometers (348 miles) up from the surface of the earth
Atmosphere
- Most clouds appear here, 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the
troposphere - Air pressure drops; temperature gets colder
Troposphere
- Where ozone layer is found
- Temperature is warmer
Stratosphere
Where High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed - hundreds to
thousands of degrees temp.
Thermosphere
- Extends upward to a height of about 85km above our planet
- where most meteors burn
Mesosphere
- can be found anywhere bet. 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles)
- Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000°
C (3,632° F) or higher
Thermosphere
Coldest temperatures in earth’s atmosphere, about -90C (-130F) found near the top of this layer
Mesosphere
The outermost layer of the atmosphere
Exosphere
Give the 5 layers of our Atmosphere:
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
- comprises the solid Earth and includes both Earth’s surface and interior
- 94% of the Earth is composed of the elements oxygen, silicon, and magnesium.
Geosphere
- The geosphere is not static but its surface (crust) is in a constant state of motion.
- Mineral resources are mined from the geosphere.
Geosphere
- includes all water on Earth (surface water and groundwater)
- liquid, vapor, or ice
Hydrosphere
lakes and rivers, streams, and creeks
Surface waters
water trapped in the soil and groundwater; wells, aquifers
Below waters
water vapor
Atmospheric water
ice caps and glaciers, icebergs
Frozen water
Only about —% of the water on Earth is “freshwater, and about —% of the freshwater is
frozen in the form of glacial ice
3% 70%
“life zone” of the Earth; all living organisms (including humans), and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed
Biosphere
is structured into a hierarchy known as
Food Chain
—– and —– is transferred from one level of the food chain to the next.
Energy and Mass
living organisms (biotic factors) and nonliving things (abiotic factors) from which they derive energy and nutrient
global ecosystem
- outermost layer of the Earth
- 5 to 70 kilometers thick
Crust
- thickest layer covering about 67% of Earth’s mass
- about 2,900 kilometers thick
- hot molten rocks called magma
Mantle
- Inner most layer
- the hottest layer with 4,700 degrees Celsius
Core
- 1220 km thick
- solid iron and nickel
Inner Core
- 2260 km thick
- liquid iron and nickel
- generates Earth’s Magnetic field
Outer Core
existing in or derived from nature
Natural
stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn
on by a person or organization in order to function effectively
Resource/source
are all the land, water, energy resources and minerals existing naturally in a
place that can be used by people
Natural resources
Give the 7 Earth’s Natural Resources
- Mineral Resources
- Water
- Energy Resources
- Living Organisms
- Soil
- Sunlight
- Wind
Can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used
Renewable Resources
Examples of Renewable Resources:
Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, water, air, soil, cultivated plants, biomass, animals
energy from the sun
Solar
energy from earth’s heat
Geothermal
energy from the wind
Wind energy
energy from burning organic or living matter
Biomass
energy from the flow of water
Water or hydroelectric
- Resources that exist in a fixed amount
- Are renewed very slowly or not at all
Non Renewable Resources
Examples of Nonrenewable Resources
Coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum, sand, stone and gravel, minerals, fossil fuels,
uses uranium to create energy
Nuclear energy
the basic unit of life. The building blocks for all living organism
Cell
boundary of each structure. Keep everything intact/organize
Membrane
contains organelles
Cytoplasm
contains DNA: DNA house
Nucleus
- Does not have structure surrounded by membranes
- Few internal structure
Prokaryotic cells
- Has 3 components: membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
- Contains organelles surrounded by membrane
- Most living organism
Eukaryotic cells: animal & plant
- Single cell – can function on its own
- Does not have nucleus but has DNA
- One celled organism
- 10x smaller
Prokaryotic cells: bacteria
- Animal cell
- Plasma cell membrane
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Golgi
Plant cell
- Have more/complex structure
- Have more organelles so it can function and reproduce itself
- cell controls movement in and out of the cell
- Double layer
Outer Membrane
shape giving part of the cell
Cell Wall
