Early Modern

Question 1

John Hunter

Answer 1

St- Army surgeon in seven years war and dealt with Emergancy gunshot wounds
- knicknamed “father of scientific surgery”
- believed in letting nature heal deep wounds shown by bud aneurysm experiment in 1785

Lt- wrote books such as natural history in teeth in 1771
-performed dissections to improve knowledge of anatomy
-member of royal company of surgeons , so trained future surgeons such as Jenner
-made discoveries about infections , cancers and blood circulation

Question 2

Paré

Answer 2

St - Scientific methods as surgeons and army doctor in the Italian war ( siege of Milan ) .
- ran out of oil so couldn’t cauteriese wounds so used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses , less painful

Lt- invented better treatments which were used for centuries
-used ligatures to tie off wounds and invented the crows beak clamp to halt bleeding
- he developed artificial limbs
- observed patients and wrote “ les oeuveres “ in 1575 which was widely used

Question 3

Edward Jenner

Answer 3

St- milkmaids with cow pox never caught small pox
- injected James Phipps with cowpox pus then once recovered with smallpox pus
- in 1798 wrote “an inquiry into the cause and effects of varioae vaccinae or cow pox”
- given £10,000 in 1802 by the government to continue his studies

Lt- died in 1823 but by 1840 vaccinations free to all infants
-1853 compulsory for all
-other diseases almost wiped out by vaccinations

Question 4

William Harvey

Answer 4

St - his book “on the motion of the heart” challenged galen
- he experimented on animals and discovered how blood pumped around the body in a circular motion
-he experimented on a patients forearm to prove it was impossible to have to much blood
-reducing blood letting

Lt- helped understanding of the heart of kidney disease
- his work helped the discovery of capillaries 60 years later

Question 5

Vesalius

Answer 5

St- challenged Galen by actually dissecting humans and observing
- Puvlished “de humani corpora’s fabrics“
Which explained how systems in the body worked

Lt- knowledge shared with the world and was used in Europe medical schools
- barber surgeons in london used his ideas in their manuals