Early Interventions, Research, and Profession

Question 1

What are the Interventions: Beginnings?

Answer 1

1. Treatment of Hysteria - Charcot (Hypnosis)
2. Roots of psychoanalysis (Freud)
3. Asylums in the US

Question 2

What are the Interventions: Advent of the Modern Era?

Answer 2

1. First psychological clinic - Lightner Witmer
2. Children’s guidance clinics
3. Behavior Therapy (Watson)
4. Client-centered Therapy (Rogers)
5. Treatment Reform (Beers): wrote A Mind That Found. Itself, a chronicle of his experiences while hospitalized as a mental patient. His efforts were instrumental in launching the mental hygiene movement

Question 3

What are the Interventions: Interwar Era?

Answer 3

1. Play Therapy: A technique, derived from traditional Freudian principles, that uses expressive play to help release anxiety or hostility
2. Behavior Therapy: A popular learning framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning

Question 4

What are Interventions: Post War and Beyond?

Answer 4

1. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
2. Eclectics: Clinicians who employ the techniques of more than one theoretical orientation
3. Brief time-limited therapy
4. Manualized treatments: Treatment that is presented in a manual format (i.e. outlining the rationales, goals, and techniques that correspond to each phase of the treatment)
5. Community psychology/prevention
6. Health Psychology
7. Evidence-based treatments
8. Prescription Privileges

Question 5

What are Research: Beginnings?

Answer 5

1. First psychological laboratory - Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
2. William James - Principles of Psychology (1890)
3. Classical conditioning - Pavlov
4. Scientist-Practitioner Model

Question 6

What are Research: Advent of the Modern Era?

Answer 6

1. Clinical research in treatment and assessment
2. Eysenck’s critique of psychotherapy – regarded it as ineffective, which alarmed many, since it was a dominant technique at the time
3. Behaviorism - taught clinicians the power of conditioning in the development and treatment of behavior disorders

Question 7

What is Research: Post War and Beyond?

Answer 7

1. Diagnostic manual – DSM-I appeared in 1952
2. Behavioral Genetics: research specialty in which both genetic and environmental influences on the development of behavior are evaluated
3. Brain imaging – able to see structure and function
4. Psychotherapy

Question 8

What is the Profession: Beginnings?

Answer 8

1. Founding of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892
2. Lightner Witmer establishes first psychological clinic in 1896
3. Psychology journals – Witmer founded the first, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907

Question 9

What is the Profession: Post War and Beyond?

Answer 9

1. Impact of returning soldiers from WWII
   a. Psychodiagnosis
2. Certification/licensing of clinical psychologists became required
3. APA published Ethical Standards in 1953, establishing an ethical code for psychologists
4. Influence of cognitive behaviorism
5. Growth of APA
6. Schism in 1988 – academic/scientific wing of the APA felt ignored
7. Led to the creation of the American Psychological Society in 1988 (now called the Association for Psychological Science)