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Anatomical Sciences > Early Embryology > Flashcards

Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the egg released from the ovary?

A

14 days into ovarian cycle

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2
Q

What is sperm travel from cervix to oviduct?

A

30 mins to 6 days

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3
Q

What is the egg coat called?

A

Zona pellucida

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4
Q

What is the female nucleus called?

A

Female pronucleus

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5
Q

What is the male nucleus called?

A

Male pronucleus

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6
Q

3 things that happen during fertilization

A
  1. Diploid number of chromosomes
  2. Gender determination
  3. Cleavage initiated
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7
Q

The sperm has to meet the egg cell within ___ hours of ovulation

A

24

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8
Q

At what point does the cell become a 2 cell stage zygote?

A

30 hours

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9
Q

What is the ball of cells called after the zygote rapidly divide?

A

Morula

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10
Q

At what point does cell become a morula?

A

3 days

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11
Q

At what point does the morula become an advanced morula?

A

4 days

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12
Q

What is the next stage after morula?

A

Blastocyst (fluid filled cavity)

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13
Q

When does the blastocyst form?

A

5 days post-fertilization

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14
Q

What mass develops in blastocyst?

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)

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15
Q

When does blastocyst enter uterus?

A

4.5-5 days

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16
Q

When does blastocyst implant in endometrium?

A

5.5-6 days

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17
Q

Development of embryo occurs at _____ from conception

A

7-8 weeks

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18
Q

List types of abnormal implantation *

A

Interstitial
Tubul (isthmus)
Tubal (ampullar)
Infundibular (ostial)
Ovarian
Peritoneal
Cervical

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19
Q

At week 1, what tissues are present?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Inner cell mass

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20
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast has…

A

Lacunae

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21
Q

Tissue of uterine wall is also known as

A

Uterine stroma

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22
Q

At week 2, trophoblasts differentiates into 2 layers known as…

A

The cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast

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23
Q

At week 2, the embryoblast forms 2 layers known as

A

The epiblast and hypoblast

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24
Q

At week 2, 2 cavities form known as the

A

Amniotic and yolk sac cavities

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25
Q

At week 2, the extraembryonic mesoderm splits into

A

The somatic and splanchnic layers

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26
Q

At day 8, what parts divide?

A

Trophoblasts
Embryoblast

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27
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast region is

A

Multinucleated bc no cell walls

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28
Q

What do Syncytiotrophoblasts produce?

A

hCG

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29
Q

At day 9, what forms?

A

2 cavities:

Amniotic cavity
Exocoelomic cavity (primitive yolk sac)

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30
Q

What in the amniotic fluid is important for amniocentesis?

A

Sloughed off cells from embryo

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31
Q

What procedure do the sloughed off cells from amniotic fluid help us do?

A

Karyotyping

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32
Q

What occurs at day 12?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm becomes somatic and splanchnic layers

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33
Q

What happens on day 13?

A

Extraembryonic cavity/chorionic cavity becomes huge but will quickly regress by end of second month

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34
Q

At 13 days, what else grows but will quickly regress later?

A

Yolk sac but by end of second month will regress

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35
Q

What part will grow beginning end of second month to end of third month?

A

Amniotic cavity (holds fetus)

36
Q

At day 13, what could lead a woman to believe she got her period?

A

You might have a better trophoblastic lacunae that allow blood to come out

37
Q

What occurs at week 3?

A

Gastrulation

38
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

Converts bilaminar embryonic disc into the trilaminar embryo

39
Q

What are the 3 germ layers produced by gastrulation?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
40
Q

What’s involved in the ectoderm?

A

Neural system
Skin
Appendages that relate to external environment (e.g. eyes and ears)

41
Q

What’s involved in the mesoderm?

A

Musculoskeletal tissue
Limb buds
Genitourinary system
Body wall
Membranes that line cavities

42
Q

What’s involved in the endoderm?

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut
GI Tract and appendages (liver, pancreas)
Respiratory tract
Bladder

43
Q

What is opposite the primitive streak on other side of epiblast?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

44
Q

Which side is dorsal? Epiblast or hypoblast

A

Epiblast is dorsal

45
Q

Epiblast layers migrate through what?

A

Primitive node and streak

46
Q

What is known as “the organizer” in gastrulation?

A

The Primitive Node

47
Q

The body plan is redefined during what?

A

Gastrulation

48
Q

What becomes the future mouth?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

49
Q

What becomes the future anus?

A

Cloacal membrane

50
Q

Teratogenesis is associated with what?

A

Gastrulation

51
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Injury to the anterior (cranial end) midline of germ disc

52
Q

What 2 things are associated with holoprosencephaly?

A

High dose alcohol
Genetics

53
Q

What is caudal dysgenesis?

A

Injury to the caudal aspect of the germ disc

54
Q

What 2 things are associated with caudal dysgenesis?

A

Genetics
Environmental insults

55
Q

What are sacrococcygeal tumors?

A

Remnant of the primitive streak

56
Q

What can result in conjoined twins?

A

Splitting of the primitive node

57
Q

List the birth defects associated with gastrulation

A
  1. Holoprosencephaly
  2. Cyclopia
  3. Caudal dysgenesis (sirenomelia)
  4. Sacrococcygeal tumors
  5. Conjoined twins (splitting of primitive node)
58
Q

What type of plane divides body into left and right sections?

A

Sagittal plane

59
Q

What type of plane divides body into front and back sections?

A

Coronal plane

60
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Standing, legs together, feet on floor
Hands at sides, palms facing anteriorly
Head held erect, facing anteriorly

61
Q

what plane divides into upper and lower sections?

A

Transverse plane

62
Q

List the 6 phases of embryology

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Body plan formation
  6. Organogenesis
63
Q

What are the migration patterns when epiblast cells migrate through primitive node and streak?

A

Caudal to cranial
Medial to lateral

64
Q

Describe the notochord

A

Mesodermal derivative
Precursor to axial skeleton
Forms nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
Vertebral bodies form around notochord

65
Q

Describe somites

A

Epithelial balls of cells formed in segmental pairs along the neural tube from paraxial mesoderm; differentiate into vertebrae, muscles of the back and body wall, and dermis of the skin

66
Q

Can somites be used to track development?

A

Yes, can count somites to see how far development has proceeded

67
Q

Describe the 3 step process of neurulation

A
  1. Notochord forms from mesoderm cells soon after gastrulation finishes
  2. Signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at neural plate
  3. Ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube
68
Q

When does fertilization begin?

A

At conception

69
Q

When does gestational age begin?

A

Two weeks earlier, at beginning of last menstrual period

70
Q

Embryology is used using days…

A

Post-fertilization

71
Q

When may malformation of an embryo occur?

A

Between weeks 3-8 when organs are forming as it is period of max sensitivity to abnormal development

72
Q

When may functional disturbance of a fetus occur?

A

Between weeks 8-38 during growth and maturation of organ systems

73
Q

When may death of an embryo occur?

A

Between weeks 0-3

74
Q

Define birth defect

A

Term for a congenital malformation

75
Q

Define congenital disorder

A

A condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life, regardless of causation

76
Q

Define teratology

A

The study of causes and biological processes leading to abnormal development

77
Q

Define teratogen

A

Any agent that causes a birth defect

78
Q

Define critical period

A

Time of increased sensitivity

79
Q

What used to be used to decrease nausea/vomitting?

A

Thalidomide

80
Q

What did thalidomide affect? What did it cause?

A

Blood supply to arm and forearm bones. Caused phocomelia

81
Q

What are the 4 factors that make one susceptible to congenital anomalies?

A

Maternal age
Environmental factors
Genetic predisposition
Unknown

82
Q

What happens on day 8?

A
  1. Trophoblast divides to form cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts
  2. Embryoblast divides to form hypoblast and epiblast
83
Q

What happens on day 9?

A

Formation of amniotic cavity and exocoelomic cavity (primitive yolk sac)

84
Q

What happens on day 12?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm forms:

extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm & extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

85
Q

What happens on day 13?

A
  1. Extraembryonic cavity (chorionic cavity) is quite larger right now
  2. Yolk sac is also large right now
  3. Amniotic cavity is a bit smaller but will grow
  4. Trophoblastic lacunae may allow for blood to come out (NOT PERIOD BABES - STILL PREGGO)

Anatomical Sciences (3 decks)

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