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Anatomical Sciences > CT > Flashcards

CT Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up connective tissue cells?

A

Resident cells and wandering cells

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2
Q

What 2 things make up the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibers and ground substance

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3
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Comprises a diverse group of cells within a tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM)<br></br><img></img><img></img>

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4
Q

What makes up the resident cells?

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Mast cells
Adult stem cells

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5
Q

What makes up wandering cells?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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6
Q

What makes up fibers in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen fiber system (collagen fibers, reticular fibers)Elastic fiber system

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7
Q

What makes up ground substance?

A

GAGs
Proteoglycans
Structural glycoproteins (fn, laminin)
Water

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8
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

Support: provides support and connections, (e.g. tendons and ligaments)

Defense: the site of inflammatory and immune reactions, physical barrier

Nutrition:
resevoir for water & electrolytes,
stores energy as triglycerides (adipocytes),
supports blood vessels,
passageway for nutrients and gases

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9
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Embryonic CT (disappears after birth)
CT proper - divides into loose CT and dense CT (dense CT divides into regular and irregular)
Specialized CT (bone, cartilage, adipose tissue)

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10
Q

Loose/Areolar CT

A

Loosely arranged cells/ground substance (more)/ fibers
Supports epithelial tissue, surrounds blood vessels, fills spaces between muscles.
Diffusion of oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrients/wastes, inflammatory and immune reactions, provides structural support

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11
Q

Dense CT

A

Prominent fibers, little ground substance
Very dense fibers, shows up red (collagen) in H&E

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12
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Fibers arranged in orderly parallel bundles
Tendons, ligaments, cornea
Transmit force of muscle contraction
Attach muscles to bones
Protection

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13
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Collagen is randomly ordered
Seen in the skin, GI tract
Provides tensile strength
Protection

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14
Q

Collagen fiber system includes what?

A

Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Both of these won’t stain will in H&E staining, and will use a special staining
Collagen is the thicker line, elastic fibers are the thinner blue line

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15
Q

Details about collagen fibers

A

Most abundant type
Flexible yet high tensile strength
Wavy structures
Variable width

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16
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Mainly in fibroblast cells

Transcription: The gene for collagen is transcribed in the nucleus, producing mRNA.

Polypeptide Synthesis: mRNA is translated into a collagen polypeptide (procollagen) in the rough ER (RER). It includes repetitive Gly-X-Y sequences, with post-translational modifications like hydroxylation, which requires Vitamin C.

Golgi Apparatus: The procollagen is further modified and assembled into larger structures.

Extracellular Processing: Procollagen is secreted outside the cell and processed into tropocollagen.

Collagen Fiber Formation: Tropocollagen aggregates to form collagen fibers and networks, providing structure to tissues.

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17
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a required cofactor for the addition of hydroxyl groups to proline and lysine residues
A deficiency of water-soluble vitamin C leads to the development of scurvy, characterized principally by bone disease in growing children and by hemorrhages and healing defects in both children and adults

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18
Q

Structure of collagen fibers

A

Procollagen Subunit: Collagen begins as smaller units called procollagen, which have overlapping and gap regions.

Collagen Fibril: Procollagen subunits come together to form collagen fibrils. These fibrils have a repeating pattern, which is why you see gaps and overlaps.

Collagen Fiber: Several collagen fibrils bundle together to form thicker collagen fibers, which give tissues their strength.

Collagen fibers are thicker than elastic fibers because of the bundling of fibers

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19
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Very fine type III collagen fibers form a 3D network ratherthan a thick bundle for support.

Support hematopoietic (bone marrow) and lymphoid organs (except thymus). Produced by reticular cells

Stained with silver salts due to the high content of sugar chains

Structurally support backgruond cells

20
Q

What is type 1 collagen?

A

Found in dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage
Fibril forming collagen
Resistance to tension

21
Q

What is type II collagen

A

found in hyaline cartilage, intervertebral disc
resistance to pressure
fibril forming collagen

22
Q

type III collagen

A

<ul><li>Maintenance of expansible organs</li><li>reticular connective tissue</li><li>fibril forming collagen</li></ul>

23
Q

type IV collagen

A

<ul><li>Basal lamina</li><li>support delicate structures and filtration</li><li>network forming collagen</li></ul>

24
Q

Elastic fibers

A

<ul><li>Responsible for elasticity, resilience, & shape control. Allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension.</li><li>Typically thinner than collagen fibers.</li><li>Synthesized by fibroblasts (in skin and tendons), chondroblasts (inelastic cartilage), and smooth muscle cells (in large blood vessels)</li><li>the branching pattern of these fibers form a 3D network interwoven with collagen fibers</li><li>Aorta: elastic fibers help stretch and recoil</li><li><img></img></li></ul>

25
Q

Elastic fiber composition

A

<div><ul><li>Core of the protein elastin.</li><li>Mature elastin has 2 unique AAs, desmosine and isodesmosine, covalently linking elastin monomers together.</li><li>Enable their stretch and recoil like rubber bands.</li></ul></div>

26
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Caused by defective synthesis of collagen (most frequently type 1)

Results in brittle bones, blue sclera

27
Q

Ehler-danlos syndrome

A

<div><ul><li>Defects in collagen synthesis or assembly.</li><li>Fragile, hyperextensible skin vulnerable to trauma, hypermobile joints.</li><li>Poor wound healing</li></ul></div>

28
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

<ul><li><div>Caused by a mutation in FBN1 gene for fibrillin, resulting in a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers.</div></li><li><div>Tall stature, long fingers, bilateral subluxation of lens, mitral valve prolapse, aorticdissection</div></li></ul>

29
Q

Ground substance

A

part of the ECM
Colourless, hydrated (high water content)
Fills the space between cells and fibers)

30
Q

Functions of ground substance

A

<div><ol><li>Lubricant bc of viscosity</li><li>Diffusion of water-soluble molecules</li><li>Anchors cells via cell-ECM adhesion</li><li>Path for cell migration</li><li>Binds & retains growth factors</li><li>Transmits info across plasma membrane via cell adhesion molecules</li></ol></div>

31
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

A

Macromolecule of ground substance

Dermatan sulfate mediate wound repair, fibrosis

Keratan sulfate related to cell motility, axonal guidance & embryo implantation

Hyaluronic acid very important in development bc major component of mucous CT found in umbilical cord. Major component of cartilage (resists compression, promotes flexibility, shock absorber)

32
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Macromolecule of ground substance

Aggrecan related to hydration of ECM cytoskeleton

Syndecan facilitated interaction between the proteins of ECM and the actin

33
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Macromolecule of ground substance

Integrin binds cells to ECM

Fibronectin binds many ECM components, attach to integrins

Laminin mediates attachment to basement membrane

34
Q

important molecules of ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - Unbranched polysaccharide chains

Multiadhesive glycoproteins - stabilize ECM & link to cell surface(s)

Proteoglycans - large macromolecules with protein core

GAGs + core proteins = proteoglycan monomers

35
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

Present as a free carbohydrate chain

Effective insulator, preventingdiffusion through the dense network

Found in cartilage and important in immobilizing molecules like growth factors.

Proteoglycans indirectly bind to HA by linker proteins, forming giant aggregates

Not covalently bound to protein

36
Q

What do glycoproteins do for attachment?

A

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins facilitate attachment between cell-CT element or attach CT elements

37
Q

Hyaluronidases

A

Enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid
lowers the viscosity of the CT, increasing tissue permeability

Important in:

drug delivery

Bacterial infection

Metastatic potential of tumors

38
Q

Matrix mettalloproteinases

A

Tissue remodeling and degradation of ECM

Tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis require the participation of MMPs

Expression increases in association with tumorigenesis

39
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Component of resident cells

Spindle shaped cells with elliptic nucleus, thin cytoplasm

Make precursors of groundsubstance, collagen, and elastic fibers

Most common cell type

Rarely divide, but capable in response to injury and inflammation. (specialized fibroblast: myofibroblast)

Active have large, euchromatic nuclei, while inactive fibroblasts are smaller with more heterochromatic nuclei

40
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic: contains lysosomes and residual bodies

Secrete hydrolytic enzymes (eg. collagenase)

Initiate immune responses (release cytokines, present antigens to lymphocytes)

Identification: dyes in staining will be engulfed by macrophages

Lysososmes for break down of phagocytic material

Oval or kidney shaped nucleus (hard to identify in H&E staining)

Numerous phagocytic vesicles for transient storage of ingested material

41
Q

Mast cells

A

Arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Oval to round cells with microvilli

Central nucleus, surface express IgE receptors

Cytoplasm filled with dense secretory granules containing heparin, histamine, vasoactive mediators & chemotactic factors.

42
Q

Adipose tissue (specialized connective tissue)

A

Resident cells in CT - has blood vessels

Depot for triglycerides—main energy stores

Insulates body against the heat loss

Fat stored as triglycerides - high-density energy

Fills space between tissues - Cushions for certain anatomical parts behaving as shock absorbers (e.g. the soles of feet, around kidney, in orbit around eye)

Paracrine and endocrine substances: secretes Leptin, acting on hypothalamus to regulate food intake & energy consumption

43
Q

Types of adipocytes (resident cells in CT)

A

Unilocular/white adipocytes (Metabolic energy storage, insulation, cushioning, hormone production)

Multilocular/brown adipocytes (heat production/thermogenesis)

44
Q

Unilocular (white) adipocytes

A

Contain one large lipid droplet surrounded by a ring of cytoplasm

The nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery

Secretes reticular fibers that surround the adipocyte

Doesn’t show up very well on H&E staining, filled in on sudan black staining

45
Q

Multilocular (brown) adipocytes

A

Fetal life and first decade after birth

Multiple lipid droplets. Eccentric nucleus

Numerous mitochondria

46
Q

Plasma cells

A

Lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells.

Oval cell, eccentric nucleus

Clock face” or “wheel” nucleus

RER&raquo_space; Basophilic cytoplasm → Golgi “ghost” (golgi gets washed out)

Has a small amount of cytoplasm, nucleus is usually on one side of the cell

47
Q

How do leukocytes (WBC) get into connective tissue?

A

Diapedesis: WBC leave blood by migrating between the epithelial lining of capillaries to enter CT.

This process increases during inflammation.

Anatomical Sciences (4 decks)

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