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History GCSE > Early Bolshevik Rule > Flashcards

Early Bolshevik Rule Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the provisional government formed?

A

12th March 1917

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2
Q

When did Kerensky become prime minister?

A

July 1917

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3
Q

Who was Kerensky?

A

Key member of the provincial government (became prime minister) and also member of the Petrograd soviet
Acted as a bridge between the two powers

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4
Q

What did the provisional government do when it came to power?

A

1) granted religious freedom
2) abolished the secret police
3) introduces an 8 hour day
4) recognised the trade unions

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5
Q

What did the provisional government not do when it came to power?

A

1) end the war

2) introduce land reforms

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6
Q

How did the Petrograd Soviet weaken the provisional government?

A

The provisional government could only carry out decisions if the Petrograd Soviet agreed, making it subservient to the soldiers and workers

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7
Q

Why did the provisional government continue the war?

A

1) They knew they would have to pay a heavy price if they wanted peace with Germany
2) they wanted to keep their allies (France and Britain) on their side

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8
Q

When was the battle of Jugla?

A

September 1917

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9
Q

How much did the Russians outnumber the Germans at the Battle of Jugla?

A

3 to 1

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10
Q

How many times more casualties did the Russians suffer than the Germans at the Battle of Jugla?

A

5 times more (25,000 compared to 5,000)

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11
Q

What did the peasants do when the provisional government refused to implement land reforms?

A

Took matters into their own hands and began to seize land illegally (thousands of soldiers deserted to get their share)

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12
Q

Why did the provisional government refuse to grant land reforms?

A

It felt that such an important action should be taken by a properly elected government

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13
Q

When did the Provisional government promise to hold elections?

A

November 1917

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14
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia from Switzerland?

A

April 1917

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15
Q

What were Lenin’s April Theses?

A

1) no cooperation with the Provisional Government
2) end the war
3) soviets should take power
4) land should be redistributed to the peasants

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16
Q

What were the ‘July Days’?

A

Massive demonstrations in Petrograd on the 16th and 17th July

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17
Q

What triggered the ‘July Days’?

A

The massive defeat which resulted from Kerensky deciding to launch a major attack on the Germans

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18
Q

How did Kerensky put down the ‘July Days’ protest?

A

1) sent troops to break up the mob
2) produced letters showing that Lenin was in the pay of the Germans
3) arrested leading Bolsheviks

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19
Q

Describe events in August 1917

A

1) Kerensky appointed Kornilov as head of the army
2) Kornilov ordered the Cossacks to march on Petrograd in order to crush the revolutionaries
3) Kerensky panicked and armed the Bolshevik Red Guard in order to defend the city
4) Kornilov’s troops never arrived as railway workers had stopped their carriage and persuaded them not to fight their fellow Russians
5) the red guard kept their weapons

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20
Q

How did the Bolsheviks’ popularity increase after events in August 1917?

A

1) now viewed as the saviours of Petrograd
2) won an overall majority in the Petrograd Soviet elections
3) Trotsky was elected as chairman of the Petrograd Soviet

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21
Q

When did the Bolsheviks take over Petrograd?

A

7th November 1917

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22
Q

Where did Trotsky organise the takeover of Petrograd from?

A

The Smolney institue

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23
Q

What happened on the 8th November 1917?

A

1) red guard seized more places such as the central bank

2) Kerensky fled Petrograd in a car borrowed from the US embassy

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24
Q

Describe the Bolsheviks storming of the Winter Palace

A

1) most troops fled leaving only some military cadets and the women’s death battalion
2) the aurora fired a blank to start the attack
3) the women’s death battalion and cadets offered no resistance to the red guard
4) the provisional government gave up when faced with the red guard

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25
Q

What were the November Decrees?

A

1) all land taken from the Tsar and old landlords and given to the peasants
2) maximum 8 hour day and 48 hour week for industrial workers
3) insurance introduced for workers for injuries, illness and unemployment
4) all titles and class distinctions abolished
5) women declared equal to men
6) all non-Bolshevik newspapers abolished
7) end the war

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26
Q

What were the December Decrees?

A

1) the cadets were banned
2) secret police (Cheka) reestablished
3) all factories came under control of the workers’ committees
4) all banks taken over by the government
5) army became more democratic (officers elected)
6) church land confiscated by the state
7) marriages don’t have to be in churches

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27
Q

When did Lenin hold elections to the new Constituent Assembly?

A

November 1917

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28
Q

How many seats did the Socialist Revolutionaries secure in the 1917 elections to the Constituent Assembly?

A

370

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29
Q

How many seats did the Bolsheviks secure in the 1917 elections to the Constituent Assembly?

A

175

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30
Q

When did the constituent assembly meet for the first time?

A

January 1918

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31
Q

When did Lenin shut down the Constituent Assembly?

A

January 1918

32
Q

When did the Russian Civil War start?

A

1918

33
Q

Who were the Reds?

A

The Bolsheviks

34
Q

Who were the Whites?

A

All opponents of the Bolsheviks (Tsarists, Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries)

35
Q

Who were the three white generals?

A

Yudenich, Kolchak and Denikin

36
Q

Which foreign powers supported the Whites?

A

Britain, France, the USA and Japan

37
Q

Who were the Greens?

A

Independent nationalist groups who wanted independence from Russia

38
Q

What was the red terror?

A

People opposing the government are shot without trial or sent to labour camps

39
Q

What did War communism involve in towns?

A

Brought factories under government control and rationed food

40
Q

How many enterprises were under soviet control by 1920?

A

37,000

41
Q

How many soldiers were in the red army during the civil war?

A

5 million

42
Q

What did War Communism mean in the countryside?

A

Grain requisition squads were sent into the countryside to seize surplus grain and those found hoarding were severely punished

43
Q

When was the famine which was caused by grain requisitioning?

A

1921

44
Q

How many people died in the 1921 famine?

A

5 million

45
Q

What did Trotsky do when he became commissar for war?

A

1) brought in nearly 50,000 experiences former Tsarist Officers
2) reintroduced harsh military discipline
3) reintroduced conscription for men over the age of 18

46
Q

What did Trotsky’s special train do?

A

Visited areas were the fighting was hardest, bringing supplies and boosting morale

47
Q

What did Trotsky do when Lenin was reluctant to sacrifice the last of his forces to defend Petrograd in 1919?

A

Rushed in on his special train and fought off General Yudenich’s forces

48
Q

How was the geographical location of the reds advantageous to them?

A

Located in the central western area of Russia, giving them control of the Railways and main industrial centres

49
Q

Why was having control of the railways useful for the Reds?

A

Allowed them to rush soldiers quickly to any place in the battle area

50
Q

Why was having control of the main industrial centres in Russia advantageous to the Reds?

A

Able to produce munitions and war supplies

51
Q

Why were red armies coordinated?

A

They were united under one aim (to stay in power)

52
Q

Why was foreign intervention not actually advantageous to the Whites?

A

1) they only sent supplies, not any troops

2) allowed the Reds to portray the Whites as foreign invaders making them the defenders of Russia

53
Q

Why was the location of the Whites not advantageous to them?

A

Scattered around the central area of West Russia with large distances separating each army
This made communications difficult meaning the Whites could not act as a cohesive fighting force

54
Q

How far apart were Kolchak and Yudenich’s armies?

A

5,000 km

55
Q

What happened to Kolchak’s army in 1919?

A

Disintegrated as different groups, particularly the Socialist Revolutionaries, refuses to cooperate and Kolchak was shot

56
Q

Why did Denkin’s advance on Moscow in 1919 fail?

A

Denkin came within 200 miles of Moscow but was relying on Kolchak’s forces to complete the attack’s but Kolchak’s army fell apart

57
Q

Why were the White officers poor leaders?

A

set a poor example by drinking and taking drugs

58
Q

Compare grain production in 1913 and 1921

A

1913: 80 million grains
1921: 38 million grains

59
Q

What was the rouble worth in 1920 due to war communism?

A

1% of it’s worth in 1913

60
Q

What was industrial production like in 1921 as a result of War Communism?

A

20% of its 1913 level

61
Q

How much did coal production decrease from 1913 to 1921?

A

1913: 29 million tonnes
1921: 9 million tonnes (meaning more people didn’t have central heating and froze)

62
Q

Who were the Workers’ opposition?

A

A group who demanded higher wages, better conditions, more food and workers’ control of the industry

63
Q

Who was Alexandra Kollontai?

A

A founding Bolshevik who joined the Workers’ Opposition as she objected to the use of the Cheka to scare people into submission

64
Q

When was the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

March 1921

65
Q

What did the Kronstadters demand?

A

1) new elections
2) freedom of speech
3) equal rations
4) the scrapping of militia units which were responsible for grain requisitioning

66
Q

Why was the Kronstadt Mutiny so shocking?

A

Trotsky had previously heralded them as the ‘pride and glory of the Revolution’ ( they used to be fanatic-Bolsheviks)

67
Q

How many men were killed and wounded in the crushing of the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

20,000

68
Q

What did Lenin say about the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

‘It lit up reality like a flash of lightning’

69
Q

When did Lenin implement the NEP?

A

1921

70
Q

What were the main features of the NEP?

A

1) grain requisitioning was stopped
2) now legal for traders to buy and sell goods
3) smaller factories returned to their owners
4) larger industries remained under state control

71
Q

How did the government collect grain under the NEP?

A

Peasants had to give a fixed amount of grain to the government each year as tax but could sell any surplus they produced on the open market

72
Q

Compare the average monthly wage of an urban worker in 1921 and 1928

A

1921: 10 roubles
1928: 25 roubles

73
Q

Compare grain production in 1921 and 1928

A

1921: 38 million tonnes
1928: 73 million tonnes

74
Q

Compare steel production in 1921 and 1928

A

1921: 0.2 million tonnes
1928: 4 million tonnes

75
Q

Who were the Nepmen?

A

A group of people who became very wealthy under the NEP

History GCSE (8 decks)

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