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PSYC Adulthood > Early Adulthood: SOCIAL & PERSONALITY > Flashcards

Early Adulthood: SOCIAL & PERSONALITY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage for early adulthood?

A
  • intimacy vs isolation
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2
Q

What is the intimacy vs isolation stage?

A
  • Erikson’s early adulthood stage, in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends in order to avoid social isolation
  • Successful resolution of the intimacy versus isolation stage depends on a good resolution of the identity versus role confusion crisis encountered in adolescence
  • Identity vs. role confusion: gained a better sense of who you are
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3
Q

Define Intimacy

A

the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one’s own sense of self

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4
Q

What is Levinson’s life structure

A
  • a key concept in Levinson’s theory - the underlying pattern or design of a person’s life at a given time, which includes roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns
  • Life structure changes with different phases of life (ex. Being single to into relationship) lead you to rearrange it
  • Adults cycle through periods of stability and instability
  • An adult passes through three phases when a new life structure is required: novice phase, mid-era phase and the culmination phase
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5
Q

What are the three phases when a new life structure is required? and describe them

A
  • novice: starting to learn, adjust to new circumstances
  • mid era: more competent meeting new challenges through reassessment and reorganization of life structure from novice stage
  • culmination: stability returns, manage new challenges effectively. more confidence, get used to it and moving on to a new phase in life
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6
Q

What is emerging adulthood?

A
  • the period from the late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles
  • Neuroimaging studies have provided some support for the notion that emerging adulthood is a unique period of life
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7
Q

What developmental tasks must emerging adults address? (5 domains)

A
  • academic
  • friendship
  • conduct
  • work
  • romantic
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8
Q

What happens to intimate relationships in early adulthood?

A

Intimate relationships form the secure base from which most young adults move out into the adult world

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9
Q

List the theories of mate selection

A
  • evolutionary theories
  • parental investment theory
  • social role theory
  • the neuroscience of human attachment
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10
Q

What are the evolutionary theories of mate selection

A
  • Evolutionary theories often cite research on sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour to support their views
  • Men prefer physically attractive, younger women
  • Women look for men with higher socioeconomic status, offering earning potential and stability
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11
Q

What is the social role theory in theories of mate selection?

A
  • the idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are adaptations to gender roles
  • Both men’s and women’s mate preferences change as women gain economic power; women’s emphasis on potential mates’ earning power declines, and men’s focus on potential mates’ domestic skills decreases
  • People are drawn to those who are of a similar age, education, social class, ethnic group membership, religion, attitudes, interests, and temperament
  • includes Assortative mating (homogamy)
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12
Q

What is assortative mating (homogamy)?

A

sociologist’s term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one’s own

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13
Q

What is the neuroscience of human attachment theory?

A
  • part of theories of mate selection
  • Neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and EEG are used to measure the structural and functional brain correlates of attachment processes
  • Parent–infant and romantic-couple bonds share much of the same neural architecture and physiology: dopamine and oxytocin (parent relationship helps base off what you look for in a significant other)
  • EEG scans show there is greater neuro-synchrony among couples and close friends than there is among strangers
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14
Q

What are the factors that predict quality of relationships?

A
  • attachment
  • love
  • conflict management
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15
Q

What are some aspect in relationship quality?

A
  • A large majority of adults believe that intimacy issues are more important than material aspects
  • Each partner brings skills, resources & traits
  • Personality is especially important
  • Attitudes toward marriage affect marital stability
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16
Q

What is the role of attachment in quality of relationships?

A
  • Adults create internal models of attachment to a prospective spouse that are similar to their attachment to their parents
  • New couples must let go of families of origin in favour of their new family
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17
Q

What is the role of love in quality of relationships?

A
  • Sternberg suggests 3 key components of love: Intimacy, passion, commitment
  • When these components combine in all possible ways, the result is 7 sub-varieties of love
18
Q

What are the 7 sub-varieties of love? include intimacy, passion and commitment

A
  • companionate love (C & i)
  • liking (i)
  • empty love (c)
  • fatuous love (c & p)
  • romantic love (i & p)
  • infatuation (p)
  • consummate love (c,p, i)
19
Q

Couples with stable or enduring marriages may be:

A
  • Validating
  • Volatile
  • Avoidant
20
Q

Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be:

A
  • Hostile/engaged

- Hostile/detached

21
Q

When does divorce rate usually peak?

A

5th year of marriage

22
Q

How long has an average marriage last?

A
  • almost 15 years

- Longitudinal studies show that 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage

23
Q

What are the average ages for divorce for men and women?

A
  • men: 43.1

- women: 40.5

24
Q

What are the psychological effects of divorce?

A
  • Divorce is associated with increases in mental health problems, especially depression

• Compared to those who stay married
- Men are 3 times more likely to become depressed following marital breakdown

  • Women are 2½ times more likely to become depressed following marital breakdown
25
Q

What are the economic effects of divorce?

A
  • Most men commonly leave a marriage with far greater earning power than women
  • They are more likely to have had continuous work histories
  • Women usually retain custody of the children
  • Divorced men generally increase their economic positions to above average
  • Divorced women are strongly adversely affected, with an average decline in income to below average
  • For many women, the financial effect never disappears, unless they were above-average earners before divorce
26
Q

Effects of cohabiting

A
  • Studies in Canada, the U.S., and several European countries show that those who cohabit before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriages
  • The divorce rate for those who cohabit before marriage is double that of couples who did not cohabit
  • Cohabiting leads to development of a life structure for cohabiting, not for marriage
  • Adults who choose to cohabit before marriage are different, in key ways, from those who do not
27
Q

What are relationships like for gay and lesbian couples?

A
  • Attachment security is just as important in same-sex unions as in heterosexual ones
  • Gay and lesbian partners are often more dependent on each other for social support
  • Homosexual couples seem to be more egalitarian than heterosexual couples
  • Monogamy is important to gay male couples but is considered to be negotiable by most
28
Q

What is singlehood?

A
  • Mature singles who do not intend to marry do not value being part of a couple or a family as highly as singles who expect to marry
  • Continual singlehood has benefits over singlehood that follows a divorce or the death of a spouse
  • Many singles still have intimate relationships
  • Once singles have determined that they expect to stay single, this self-affirmation may help protect singles from some of the negative aspects of singlehood
29
Q

What are the processes of parenthood?

A
  • desire to become a parent
  • transition experience
  • postpartum depression
30
Q

What is the transition experience of parenthood?

A
  • New parents may argue about child-rearing philosophy as well as how, when, where, and by whom child-care chores should be done
  • Parents are usually also physically exhausted, perhaps even seriously sleep-deprived, because their newborn keeps them up for much of the night
  • Some cultures have ritualized rites of passage that help the new parents cope
31
Q

What is the postpartum depression part of parenthood?

A
  • a severe mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness lasting a few weeks or, rarely, for a year or more
  • Between 10% and 25% of new mothers experience a severe mood disturbance called postpartum depression (PPD)
  • greatest predictor of PPD is depression during pregnancy, but hormones also play a role
32
Q

What are the developmental impact of parenthood?

A
  • positve behaviour changes (dec risky behaviours)
  • changes in martial satisfaction (at its peak before birth, then drops until last child leaves home)
  • parenting partner is a significant protective factor in managing stressful transition into parenthood
33
Q

What factors could impact martial satisfaction?

A
  • child birth
  • balance of work and family
  • conflict-resoluation strategies
  • amount of education
  • number of children
  • length of time together before child birth
34
Q

What are the effects of life without children?

A
  • Marital satisfaction fluctuates less over time for childless couples
  • Childless couples report higher cohesion than do couples with children
  • Women without children are much more likely to have full-time continuous careers
35
Q

What are most common reasons for not having children?

A

For Canadian women from ages 30 to 39, the most common reasons given for not having children are that children don’t fit in with their lifestyle (~20 to 31%), they are too old (~14%), and infertility (~13%)

36
Q

What is motherhood earnings gap?

A

a measure showing how much the earnings of women with children are below those of women without children

37
Q

What happens to family relationships during early adulthood?

A

– Parents remain significant parts of the young adult’s life

– Relationships are strongly influenced by proximity

  • Family connectedness over time has strong cultural influences
38
Q

What happens to friendships during early adulthood?

A

Friends are chosen from among those we see as like ourselves in education, social class, interests, family background, or family life cycle stage

39
Q

What are womens relationships like in early adulthood?

A

Women have more close friends, and their friendships are more intimate, with more self-disclosure and more exchange of emotional support (female friends talk to one another)

  • have a larger relationship role than men
40
Q

What are males relationships like in early adulthood?

A

Male friends are less likely to agree with each other or to ask for or provide emotional support to one another (male friends do things together)

41
Q

What is a kin-keeper?

A

a family role, usually occupied by a woman, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships

42
Q

what is the parental investment theory of mate selection?

A

Parental investment theory says that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child-rearing

PSYC Adulthood (7 decks)

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