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Module Two > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ossicles of the ear?

A

Malleus, stapes, incus

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2
Q

What bone is the ear canal situated through?

A

Temporal

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3
Q

What three bones articulate with the temporal anteriorly?

A

Zygomatic, mandible, sphenoid

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4
Q

What bone articulates with the temporal posteriorly?

A

Occipital

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5
Q

What bone articulates with the temporal superiorly and posteriorly?

A

Parietal

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6
Q

What are the three regions of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous, petro-mastoid and tympanic`

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7
Q

Which region of the temporal bone would you find the mandibular fossa?

A

Squamous

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8
Q

What is the articulation between the temporal and mandible bones called?

A

Temporomandibular joint

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9
Q

What features does the mastoid region of the temporal bone have, and what can this mean clinically?

A

Air cavities, can become infected (mastoiditis)

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10
Q

Which part of the temporal bone includes the ossicles?

A

Petrous

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11
Q

What shape is the petrous described as?

A

Pyramid

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12
Q

What canal is visible on the external surface of the tympanic part of the temporal bone?

A

External auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

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13
Q

What view of the temporal bone would you see the carotid canal best?

A

Inferior view

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14
Q

What vessel travels through the carotid canal?

A

Internal carotid artery

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15
Q

Which is the largest of the ossicles?

A

Malleus

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16
Q

Which is the smallest of the ossicles?

A

Stapes

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17
Q

What regions of the malleus and incus articulate together?

A

Head of the malleus with the body of the incus

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18
Q

What region of the malleus is visible during otoscopy?

A

Handle of the malleus

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19
Q

What regions of the incus and the stapes articulate together?

A

Long limb of the incus with the head of the stapes

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20
Q

Where does the stapes articulate with the oval window?

A

Base

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21
Q

What marks the boundary with the middle and inner ear?

A

Oval window

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22
Q

What marks the boundary between the external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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23
Q

Describe the general anatomy of synovial joints

A

Outer fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid filled cavity, hyaline cartilage lining bone surfaces.

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24
Q

What autoimmune disease can affect synovial membranes, and how might this affect the ear?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, cause conductive hearing loss

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25
Q

What is the pinna and what is its other name?

A

The visible part of the external ear, auricle

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26
Q

What is the very outer portion of the pinna called?

A

Helix

27
Q

What part of the pinna lies directly anterior to the external acoustic meatus?

A

Tragus

28
Q

The hollow centre of the pinna is called what?

A

Concha

29
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

Capture sound a funnel it into the external acoustic meatus.

30
Q

What three cranial nerves supply sensory innervation to the external ear?

A

Facial (VII), Vagus (X) and Trigeminal (V)

31
Q

What is the branch of the trigeminal that supplies the anterior external ear?

A

Auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division.

32
Q

What two spinal nerves supply sensory innervation to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital nerve, greater auricular nerve

33
Q

What is the medical term for ear pain?

A

Otalgia

34
Q

What is a differential diagnosis to consider with otalgia of the external ear?

A

Cervical spinal nerve compression due to osteoarthritis

35
Q

What is contained within the dermal layer of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Ceruminous glands

36
Q

What is the umbo and what clinical relevance does it have?

A

The most inferior portion of the handle of malleus, during otoscopy, you should find the cone of light anterior-inferior to the umbo

37
Q

What marks the boundary between the pars tensa and the pars flaccida and how would you find them during otoscopy?

A

Anterior and posterior malleolar folds, found either side of the lateral process of the malleus. Superior to the folds is the pars flaccida, inferior is the pars tensa

38
Q

What type of epithelium lines the middle ear?

A

simple squamous epithelium

39
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube originate from?

A

Middle ear

40
Q

What is the thin plate of bone called at the roof of the middle ear cavity?

A

Tegmen tympani

41
Q

What is the other name for the Eustachian tube?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

42
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalize pressure posterior and anterior to tympanic membrane

43
Q

Which muscle open the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Stylopharyngeus, longitudinal muscle of the pharynx

44
Q

What part of the pharynx contains the opening for the Eustachian tube?

A

Nasopharynx

45
Q

Why are children at greater risk of developing acute otitis media?

A

Their Eustachian tube is narrower and more horizontal, hindering the clearance mechanisms of the tube

46
Q

Viruses can cause inflammation and impairment of the clearing mechanisms of the Eustachian tube, what can this lead to?

A

Infection with nasopharyngeal bacteria and purulent effusion.

47
Q

What is a grommet?

A

A tympanostomy tube inserted into the tympanic membrane to ventilate the middle ear and prevent fluid build up

48
Q

How does the pharyngotympanic tube clear the nasopharyngeal secretions?

A

Mucosal ciliary clearance and ventilation

49
Q

What is otitis media with effusion?

A

non-purulent effusion in the middle ear with no sign of acute inflammation

50
Q

What lymph tissue can affect the drainage of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Adenoids

51
Q

How does sound transfer within the external and middle ear?

A

Sound is funnelled by the pinna into the external acoustic meatus, it vibrates the tympanic membrane and that vibration travels across the ossicles to the oval window.

52
Q

Broadly, what structures cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Injury or pathology to the internal ear

53
Q

What cranial nerve in the internal ear carries the information of sound to the brain?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

54
Q

Which muscle attaches to the malleus to tense the tympanic membrane and what nerve supplies this muscle?

A

Tensor tympani, mandibular division of trigeminal (V)

55
Q

What muscle attaches to the stapes and prevents excessive oscillation and what nerve supplies this muscle?

A

Stapedius muscle, facial nerve (VII)

56
Q

What is hyperacusis?

A

Distress or intolerance to sounds that most people would find tolerable.

57
Q

What branch of the facial nerve innervates the salivary glands, what other signal does it carry?

A

Chorda tympani, taste from anterior 2/3 tongue

58
Q

What cranial nerve is the tympanic plexus associated with?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

59
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres join the tympanic plexus from?

A

Sympathetic chain in the cervical region

60
Q

What does the tympanic plexus innervate?

A

The mucous membrane of the middle ear

61
Q

Where is the tympanic plexus?

A

The medial wall of the middle ear, on the promontory, a bulge formed by the cochlea on the other side of the wall.

62
Q

What aperture lies on the posterior wall of the middle ear?

A

Aditus to mastoid antrum

63
Q

What rare but serious complications can result from otitis media?

A

Mastoiditis, brain abscess, meningitis

Module Two (9 decks)

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