EALS Flashcards
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR A PLANET TO BECOME HABITABLE?
RIGHT TEMPERATURE, ATMOSPHERE, ENERGY TO RUN LIFE PROCESS, NUTRIENTS, WATER,
What makes the Earth unique for it to become habitable?
THE PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER, AVAILABLE HEAT SOURCE, SYSTEM OF PLATE TECTONICS, ATMOSPHEREONLY MOON
Influences how fast atoms and molecules move
RIGHT TEMPERATURE
FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF EARTH
ATMOSPEHER. GEOSPHER, BIOSPHERE,HYDROSPHERE
oragnisms usually light or chemical energy to live and survive.
ENERGY TO RUN LIFE PROCESS
It traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and provides chemicals needed for life such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
ATMOSPHERE
Used to build and maintain the body of an organism-
NUTRIENTS
Allows the molecules to interact with each other and carry out the reactions necessary for life
WATER
-Zone of Earth where all forms of life exist: in the air, on land, and in water.
-Sometimes called the large ecosystem.
-Very thin layer of the Earth’s surface
BIOSPHERE
acts as both a blanket and a filter, retaining heat at night and shielding from direct solar radiation during the day
-Supports life because animals need oxygen, and plants need both carbon dioxide and oxygen
-Supports life indirectly by regulating climate
ATMOSPHERE
-The solid Earth, consisting of the entire planet from the center of the core to the outer crust
- It includes the core, mantle, and crust of the Earth
GEOSPHERE
-Circulates among oceans, continents, glaciers, and atmosphere
-Oceans cover 71% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its water
HYDROSPHERE
WHAT ARE THE TWO HEAT SOURCE?
EXTERNAL SOURCE -SUN
INTERNAL SOURCE - RADIOGENIC HEAT
2 HEAT SOURCE 1 EX- GIVES ENOUGH HEAT TO SUSTAIN LIFE, 2. RG - RADIO DEACY MATERIAL
AVAILABLE HEAT SOURCE
KNOWN AS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT WHICH IS CAPABLE
-70%
PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER
CAN BLOCK SOME OF THE DANGEROUS RAY
ATMOSPHERWE
THESE PLATES COVBER THE ENTIRE EARTH
PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN GEOLOGIC EVENTS
ENABLES RECYCLING MOLECULES
SYMSTEM OF PLATE TECTONIC
STABILIZING EFFECT ON THE PLANETARY ROTATIONS AND PREVENTS THE POLES AN UNEXPECTED SHIFTING
ONLYMOON
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE, THERNMOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE,STRATOSPHERE, TROPOSPHERE
EXTENDS TO 50 TO 85 KM. IT PROTECTS THE EARTH FROM THE IMPACT OF`SPACE DEBRIS O METEORITE
MESOSPHERE
85 TO 600 KM. THE PARTICLES CREATE AURORA``
THERMOSPHERE
FARTHEST LAYER
EXOXSPHERE
14.5 KM
LOWESAT LAYER
TROPOSPHERE
14.5 TO 50
THE OZONE LAYAER THAT6 PROTECTS THE EARTH FROM THE RAY
STRATOSPHERE
MINERALS MUST BE?
NATURALLY - OCCURING, INORGANIC, SOLID, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, DEFINTE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
IT MUST BE OCCUR NATURALLY AND NOT MANUFACTURED BY HUMAN
NATURALLY OCCURING
MINERALS CANNOT ARISE FROM MATERIALS TAHT WERE ONCE PART OF A LIVING THINGS
INORGANIC
THE PARTIUCLES IN MINERALS LINE UP IN A PATTERN THAT REPEATS PERIODICALLY
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES?
COLORS, DENSITY, STREAK, LUSTER, HARDNESS, CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE, CRYSTAL HABIT, TEANACITY.
WHAT ARE THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
SOLUBILITY, melting point
WITH DEFINITE VOLUME AND SHAPE IN ORDER FOR IT TO MEET THE OTHER CHARAACTERISTICS EHICH IS CRYSTSAL STRUCTURE
SOLID
MINERALS CONTAIN CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN DEFINITE POSITION
DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION`
It is easily observed physical property but also less
reliable since it can only be used to identify those
few minerals that always have their own
characteristics color
COLOR
No matter what size of a mineral sample, tdensity of that mineral always remains the same
DENSITY
The color of the mineral in its powdered form
: STREAK
HOW THE MINERAL REFLECT LIGHTS FROM ITS SURFACE.
LUSTER
ABILITY TO RESIST BEING SCRATCHED
HARDNESS
WHO INVENTED MOHS SCALE?
FRIEDRICH MOHS
A mineral can scratch any mineral softer than
itself, but will be scratched by any mineral that is
hardeR
HARDNESS
mineral has the tendency to be split or
broken along flat surfaces, it has the property
called
cleavage
the texture or shape of the
mineral’s surface when the mineral breaks into
irregular way
Fracture
-growth crystal pattern of a mineral as
single or aggregated
-It is the natural shape of the mineral before the
development of any cleavage or fracture
CRYSTAL
HABIT
It is how well a mineral resists breakage
TENACITY
Mineral can be modified in shape
without breaking and can be flattened to a thin
sheet (copper, gold)
Malleable
Mineral can be cut with a knife into thin
shavings (talc).
Sectile
Mineral bends but does not regain its
shape once release (selenite, gypsum).
Flexible
Mineral bends and regains its original
shape when released (muscovite and biotite mica).
Elastic-
t refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a
solvent at a specified temperature
SOLUBILITY
refers to the temperature at which solid turns into
liquid
MELTING
POINT
Objects are visible when viewed
through a mineral
Transparency
Light, but not an image, is
transmitted through a mineral
Translucency-
No light is transmitted, even on the
thinnest edges.
Opaqueness-
It can be used to help identify some
minerals, such as halite (salt)
Taste-
- Object reacts to hydrochloric acid.
Acid reaction
What are the three types of rocks?
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
A type of rock that forms from
the cooling and hardening of
magma or lava
igneous
A type of rock that forms from
the cooling and hardening of
magma or lava
igneous
what are the two types of igneous
intrusive and extrusive
-formed on the surface of the
Earth
- They
are fine-grained due to abrupt
cooling on the surface fast rate of
cooling/crystallization is due to
huge variance in the temperature
Extrusive or Volcanic Rocks
from solidified
magma underneath the earth
- are coarse-grained due to the
slow cooling of magma
Intrusive rocks or Plutonic Rocks
WHERE IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM?
NEAR OR BELOW AN ACTIVE VOLCANO
These are rocks that formed through the
accumulation, compaction, and cementation of
sediments. They generally form at surface or near
surface conditions.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary Processes at or near the surface of the
Earth include:
weathering of rocks, sediment
transport and deposition, compaction and
cementation
Igneous rocks are also classified according to silica content
felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic
also called granitic; >65%
silica, generally lightcolored
FELSIC
also called andesitic; 55-65%
silica; generally medium colored
(medium gray)
INTERMEDIATE
also called basaltic; 45-55%
silica; generally dark
colored
MAFIC
<45% silica; generally, very dark
colored; composed mainly of olivine
and pyroxene which are the major
constituents of the upper mantle
ULTRAMAFIC
Sedimentary rocks are further classified as:
CLASTIC & NON-CLASTIC
breaking of rocks(sediments)
Weathering of rocks
sediment transport
erosion
deposited in the final destination
deposition
made up of sediments from
preexisting rocks.
CLASTIC
can be biological, chemical, or a
combination of both.
- Biological sedimentary rocks are
lithified accumulation of dead
organisms.
NON CLASTIC
HOW DOES SEDIMENTARY
ROCK FORMS?
FORMED BY COMPACTION AND
CEMENTATION OF SEDIMENTS
Chemical sedimentary rocks are
from chemical precipitation.
These are rocks that form from the
transformation of pre-existing rocks (igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks) through the
process of metamorphism.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
can involve changes in the physical
and chemical properties of rocks in response to
heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.
Metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks are further classified as
FOLIATED & NON-FOLIATED
have layered or banded
appearance produced by regional
metamorphism, exposure to high
temperatures and pressures.
foliaTED
ex of foliated
slate, phyllite,
schist, and gneiss.
do not have layered appearance
and was formed that have
undergone contact metamorphism
where rocks are not exposed to the
intense pressure that is found
deeper within Earth
NON-FOLIATED
ex of non foliated
marble, quartzite,
and anthracite
The process to form
metamorphic rock
METAmorphism
What are the main facrots of metamorphism?
heat, pressure, and chemically active fluid
What are the factorsa of regional metamorphism?
heat and pressure
what are the two types of metamorpohic>?
REGIONAL AND CONTACT
a type of metamorphism
where rock minerals and
texture are changed, mainly
by heat, due to contact with
magma.
conact metamorphism<
it provides the energy to drive the
chemical changes which results in
the recrystallization or minerals.
The heat increases as the depth
increases
HEAT
Enhance the metamorphic
process the common fluid
which helps the chemical activity is
water containing ions in solution.
chemically fluid
rocks do not
actually melt. They become more
dense, more compact
metamorphism
what are the three layers of eart?
crust, mantle & core
Is the outermost layer
of Earth
Less dense of all the
layers (lightest layer)
CRUST
very dense, made of baslt
oceanic
less dense, made of granite
continental
Located below the crust
* It is the largest layer
Density increases with
depth to increase in
pressure
MANTLE
2 partas of mantle?
upper mantle & lower
sublayersa of mantle
lithosphere, asthenoshpere,
crunchy” layer of the
earth
- It includes the crust
and the very
uppermost part of the
upper Mantle
lithosphere
soft: can bend like the
plastic, layer in the upper
portion of the mantle
- It is located right below the
lithosphere and
lithosphere floats on this
layer (like gelatin)
asthenosphere
the energy released
when the unstable atoms decay
RADIOGENIC
Hottest layer
* Located below mantle
CORE
2 LAYERS OF CORE?
OUTER AND INNER CORE
CAUSES ROCKS TO BE PULLED APART TAHT RESULT TO LENGTHENING AND BREAK APART
TENSIONAL
- Is liquid and is made up
of mostly iron (easily
magnetized) - The movement of
materials in the liquid
outer core is inferred to
be the cause of Earth’s
magnetic fielD
OUTERCORE
WHAT ARE THE 2 heat of Earth’s interior ?
PRIMORDIAL HEAT & RADIOGENIC HEAT
Is the center of the
Earth
* It’s solid iron and nickel.
Most dense layer
(heaviest)
* The increased pressure
causes it to be solid
INNER CORE
WHAT IS THE MAJOR HEAT OF EARTHS HEAT?
RADIOGENIC
FORCES SLIDE PASS TO EACH OTHER
SHEAR
- These include the heat gained in the
objects that accreted to form Earth, and
the heat produced when they collided.
heat is stored in core
PRIMODIAL HAT
Major heat source
- thermal energy released as a result of
spontaneous nuclear disintegration of
radioactive decay of isotopes, particularly
U-238, Th-232, K-40.
RADIOGENIC HEAT
WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF THE U, TH , AND K IN RAGIOGENIC>
U-238, Th-232, K-40.
The process of heat
exchange between
the Sun and the
Earth
RADIATION
The heat flows inside
the Earth is because of
the?
conduction, convection,
and radiation.
-thermal vibrations that every
atom is physically bonded to its
neighbors in some way.
-This is
what happens to the transferring of
heat from core to the mantle.
CONDUCTION
Dominates the thermal
conditions in the zones
where large quantities of
fluids (molten rocks) exist
CONVECTION
- Earth’s geothermal gradient is
15° to 30°C/km within the crust
Occurs at the mantle but not between
the asthenosphere and lithosphere
CONVECTION`
A type of stress that TAKES PLACE WHEN A ROCK O SEDIMENTS IS BURIED AND ACTS AS UNIFORMLY
CONFINING STRESS
TYPES OF DIRECTED STRESS
TENSIONAL, COMPRESSIONAL, SHEAR STRESS
discernible displacement where rocks grind past to eac other
faults
types of stress
CONFINING & DIRECTED STRESS
Governs the thermal
conditions in almost
entire solid portions
of the Earth
CONDUCTION
force exerted on a object.
STREESSSSSS
ONLEY ACTS IN ONE DIRECTION
directed stress
types of folds
monoline, anticline, syncline
DIFF TYPES OF STRESS CAN CAUXSE THEM TO DEFORM
ROCK DEFORMATION
causes rocks to FOLD OR FRACTURE it SQUEEZES 2geteher
COMPRESSIONAL
TYPS OF DEFOREMATION
ELASTIC, DUCTILE, BRITTLE,
types iof faults
normal faults, reverse fault, strike-slip, oblique
WAVE LIKE RIPPLES OR BENDS DURING MOUNTAIN BLDG
FOLDS
two plates move away resulting in the rising magma
-may form continental rifts
divergent
aka fault bound
- slide horizontally to eachj other
transform plate boundaries
move toward each other
convergent
also known as
derivatives rock, maybe fragmental
or crystalline. These rocks are
products of sedimentary processes.
These are made of visible layers of
sediments. The formation on rock
layers depend on its stratigraphy
and stratification
Stratified rocks
It is the study of the rock
layers(strata). It will give you clues to the
location of ancient seas, mountains, plateaus and
plains
STRATIGRAPHY
It is the branch of geology that deals with the
description, correlation, and interpretation of
stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and
within the Earth
STRATIGRAPHY
The largest and heaviest rock layer
that settled first at the bottom is the
oldest rock layer. The lightest and
smallest that settled last is the
youngest rock layer
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
It is also known as bedding, , which is the layering
that happens in sedimentary and igneous rocks
formed at the surface of the Earth that comes
from lava flows or other volcanic activity. It is
expressed by rock layers (units) of a general
tabular or lenticular form that differ in rock type
STRATIFICATION
A rock mass that contains pieces of
rocks called inclusions are younger
than the other rock masses
LAW OF INCLUSION
Rock layers that are formed without
interruptions are conformable.
Describes a layer of rock that has
been deformed or eroded before
another layer is deposited, resulting
in rock layer mismatching.
LAW OF UNCONFORMITIES
THREE TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES
DISCONFORMITY, ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY, NON-CONFORMITY
It originates from horizontal sedimentary rock layers that are lifted
and the top layers eroded. New sediments are deposited when they
are submerged beneath freshwater or saltwater
